Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls Health And Social Care Essay

Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is a systemic search of a published work to gain information about a research topic (Polit and Hungler, 2011). Conducting a review of literature is challenging and an enlightening experience. The review of literature was based on extensive survey of books, journals, and international nursing indicates. A review of literature relevant to the study was under taken which helped the investigator to develop deep into the problem and gain information on what has been in the past. An extensive review of literature was done by the investigator to lay a broad foundation for the study. For the purpose of logical sequence the chapter was divided in two parts. 2.1 PART I: Reviews related to reproductive health among adolescent girls. 2.2 PART II: Reviews related to effectiveness of adolescent to adolescent approach on reproductive health. 2.1 PART I : Reviews related to reproductive health among adolescent girls. Mc Call-hosenfeld JS et al., (2012) conducted an experimental study in Pennsylvania; they investigated the impact of individual on womens are receipt of a comprehensive panel of preventive services in a region that includes both urban and rural communities. Outcome variables were a screening and vaccination index blood pressure , lipid panel, sexually transmitted infections or individual level variables includes predisposing factors, enabling and need based measures. The investigator found that overall use of preventive services, were low individual variability in womens receipt of counseling services is largely explained by psychological factors and seeing an gynecologist. . Fengy et al., (2012) conducted a cross sectional survey of 17,016 adolescent girls and young aged 15-24 yrs old in both rural and urban Asian cites, China, through interview and computer assisted self interview for sensitive questions. To identify the predictors perception of homosexuality. The 40% of adolescent and young adults who hold a positive view of homosexuality for both males and females. Preferred origin of movies, videos, self identified sexual orientation, sexual and reproductive health knowledge, family values, gender role and attitude towards premarital sex. The most common and important predictors for a respondents perception of homosexuality were his/her knowledge of sexual and reproductive health. Shelia G et al., (2012) conducted a experimental study regarding features of physical and sexual development of reproductive behavior among adolescent girls at Russia. In this assessment the adolescent reproductive behavior identification and the factors affecting was made in female adolescents age 14-19yr [randomly formed via continuous selection] information of the state of their health their attitudes towards child bearing and their risky habits have been evaluated. High frequency of menstrual irregularities, 24.7% delayed formation of the bone pelvis, 25.2% the prevalence of chronic external genital diseases were found. Iliyasuz et al., (2012) conducted a qualitative study regarding sexual and reproductive health communication between mothers and their adolescent daughters in North India Assam. The investigator employed structured interviews and groups to investigate reproductive health communication practices among 108 mothers and daughters transcript were analyzed using the grounded theory approach .A total of 136 mother reported discussing reproductive issues with their daughters. The majority of daughters acquire reproductive health education from their mothers; parents were more likely to discuss marriage, menstruation, premarital sex, STI infections and sex education need to be empowered with knowledge and skills to improve the scope and quality of home -based reproductive health education. Palke VD et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding impact of sex education on knowledge and attitude of adolescent school children in Bihar. Reproductive capability is now in earlier age, but the subject of adolescent sexuality in most societies, there is a wide spread ignorance about risks are unprotected sex problems among adolescent girls. Unfortunately need of sex education is not perceived and fulfilled in India especially in rural areas. The present study was conducted to assess the need and demonstrate the impact of sex education among adolescent school children, by analyzing pre and post intervention questionnaire and there was a significant increase in knowledge about sexuality , menstrual hygiene. Sexually transmitted disease, it has significant impact on knowledge of adolescent school children. Ezekwere et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding sex education, sex information, sex practices, among adolescent girls in Nigeria. A total 304 girls selected by multi-stage sampling technique studied primary and subsequent sources of sexuality information, mainly the by the media, peers, families and schools, found that mostly they were not involved in provision of early sexual initiation and un protected sex was common among them. The study highlights the need to create a awareness at earlier stage of adolescent period sexual education of adolescent girls through parents and teachers had to be initiated. Wong LP et al., (2011) conducted a large cross sectional study regarding attitude towards dysmenorrheal impact and treatment seeking, among 1,295 adolescent girls (13-19 yrs) from 16 public secondary schools in rural districts of Malaysia. Dysmenorrhea was reported in 76.0% of the participants multivariate analysis shows that being in upper secondary levels was the strongest predictor for poor concentration, absenteeism and poor school grade due to dysmenorrheal is a normal cycle and only 14.8% sought medical treatment , education should be extended to parents and school peer leaders to address the reproductive health needs of adolescents. Lazarus JV et al., (2011) conducted a quasi experimental study regarding reproductive health awareness programme to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior. Reproductive health data was collected from the students aged (11 16 yrs) by using a picture and group discussion. In total 313 questionnaire has distributed, and the mean score in the pretest knowledge was 5.9 and 6.8 in post test score was p (0.003), which increased significantly t=4.5, p=0.000. The attitude mean score in pre test was 4.3 in post test was 6.8 which shows the increased significant. The mean behavior pretest score which showed a significant p =0.019. Hence the intervention significantly improved the adolescent reproductive health knowledge attitude. BiscoFreudenthal J et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding creating community awareness of reproductive tract infections including STD infections. The aim of this study was thus to explore people perception treatment seeking behavior and understanding of information about RTI/STD. Qualitative contact analysis was employed for the data analysis. The major findings was that the most common treatment seeking behavior was taking self medication. Shyness of genital examination, negative attitudes towards dirty diseases. The main media sources of RTI/STI information were radio, TV and other access to health information was more difficult. Health education messages should be more accessible in rural areas. Van Rossem et al., (2011) conducted the survey to evaluate the reach and impact of social marketing and reproductive health communication campaigns (selected radio and television programs) regarding family planning and HIV/AIDS in Zambia. The results evidenced that the reproductive health and social marketing Campaigns in Zambia reached a large portion of the population and had a significant impact. The results suggested that future reproductive health communication campaigns that invest in radio programming may be more effective than those investing in television programming and future campaigns should seek to increase their impact among women. Portillo et al., (2011) conducted a cross sectional study regarding sexual and reproductive health among adolescent girls at High school in Spanish. The study focused to determine the extent of information about preventing sexually transmitted diseases, knowledge and use of contraceptive methods. It includes 641 students who agreed to complete the questionnaire by school. 84.5% students know at least one contraceptive method 84%, It is necessary to establish or strengthen information programme on sexual health for adolescent. Fehr KR et al., (2011) conducted a study to assess the knowledge and use of Folic acid in women of reproductive age Folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects 50%, women of reproductive age group should be aware of the importance of the folic acid and neural tube defects. They used terms such as Folic acid knowledge and Folic acid awareness to search articles published, women were although knowledge levels were associated with education and health care professionals magazines and news papers, radio, TV, as common sources of information, and this knowledge will allow them to make informed decisions about Folic acid among women. Mc Call JS et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding preventive counseling among reproductive aged women. Preventive health intervention often occur less frequently among rural women compared to urban is an important feature of comprehensive preventive health care provisions .Data were collected by telephone survey during 2004-2005 participants aged 18-45 yrs in the central Pennsylvanias. The study assessed the independent contribution of counseling for smoking ,alcohol, drug use, birth control ,nutrition, physical activity. Most women do not receive recommended preventive counseling, while rural women are less likely than urban women to receive counseling educating rural health care providers about the need for preventive counseling. Jousha et al., (2011) narrated on condom negotiation and experience among sexually active young women in New south wales, Austraila by using feminist narrative approach. Ten womens stories were collected via online interviews. The findings revealed that none of the women initiated or negotiated use of the male condom promotion relies on the r4coginition of the gender factors that impede young womens condom negotiation and use. Strategies that overcome gender dynamics and empower women to negotiate condom use have the ability to promote condom use among this group. Lawan et al., (2010) conducted a study regarding menstruation and menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in Gujarat .This study examined the knowledge and practices of adolescent school in around menstruation and menstrual hygiene .Data was collected quantitatively and analyzed using pre experimental study, the study findings showed that majority had fair knowledge of menstruation, although deficient in specific knowledge areas, most of them used sanitary pads as absorbent during their last menses, changed menstrual dressings about 1-5 times per day and improving access of the adolescent to reproductive health needs. Sivagami, et al., (2010) conducted a qualitative study on community perception and treatment seeking behaviour regarding reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in Lao by using fourteen focus group discussion and 20 in depth interviews. It held among 76 women and 56 men. The major finding was that both male and female participants had a variety of misconceptions about the causes and symptoms of RTI/STIs and their cure and a reluctance to seek health care. The main reasons for not going to health facilities were fear of social discrimination or shyness. They suggested strengthening health education and promotion through interventions at the community level to improve the quality of RTI/STI management. Minto et al., (2010) reviewed the efficacy of HIV/STI behavioral intervention and identified factors associated with intervention efficacy for American African females in the United states by using meta- analysis from 37 relevant studies. The results showed that behavioral intervention had a significant impact on reduction in HIV/STI risk sex behavioral. They concluded as behavioral interventions were efficacious in preventing HIV and STIs among African American females. They suggested that conducting more research to examine the potential contribution of prevention strategies that attend to community level and to improve communication between RTI/STI patients and clinicians. Thakor HG et al., (2010) conducted a STIs prevalence study on knowledge and practices related to STIs and HIV among 125 sex workers in an urban area of Gujarat, India. 85-90% were aware about various symptoms / diseases transmitted by unsafe sexual practice in male and female. 23.4% took treatment from health worker for such problems; 87.9% were aware that consistent use of condom could protect them from HIV infections and 2.6% reported for non treatment of STD.58% were not aware about behavoural changes needed to reduce the risk. 2.2 PART II: Review related to effectiveness of adolescent to adolescent approach on reproductive health. Denison JA et al.,(2012) conducted a quasi experimental study on peer education make a difference an evaluation of HIV prevention in youth-led model trained volunteer peer educators age (18-25 yrs) in school, to teach HIV prevention and Reproductive health. This evaluation programme effects on students HIV knowledge, attitude and behaviors of adolescent girls by using a non randomized quasi experimental design among 2133 students had significantly higher levels of knowledge regarding HIV p 0kanlawon FA et al., (2011) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of peer education in a secondary school regarding reproductive health among adolescent girls in Karnataka. The study employed pre and post test intervention quasi experimental design, The experimental group was the adolescence girls to give peer education programme for 6 months pre and post test data in the experimental and control groups were compared and analyzed. The knowledge of reproductive health issues was p Drummond P et al., (2011) conducted a study by using peer education to increase the sexual health knowledge among West African refugees in Western Australia. Ten bilingual west African peer educators conducted a 3 hours workshop on sexual health for small groups of western African refugees (n = 58) who recently settled in Perth , western Australia .There were significant increases in the participants knowledge on sexually transmitted infections and HIV , their spread and the measures to protect against infection. They Concluded that the peer education approach was successful in assisting new and emerging community to work effectively on sexual health topics generally considered as taboos or too sensitive to discuss. Stephenson. J et al., (2010) assessed the effectiveness of school-based peer-led sex education among 9,000 pupils aged 13-14 years at England. Schools were randomized to either peer-led sex education (intervention) or to continue their usual teacher-led sex education (control). Peer educators, aged 16-17 years, were trained to deliver three 1-hour classroom sessions of sex education to 13- to 14 years old pupils from the same schools. The study findings concluded that compared with conventional school sex education at age 13-14 years, this form of peer-led sex education was very effective associated with change in teenage STDs, it merits consideration within broader teenage STDs prevention strategies.

Inventory and Alliance Supermarkets

Alliance Supermarkets has been using a point-of-sale (POS) system for some time to track its inventory. The system uses a laser scanner to read the universal product code (UPC) on each item at the checkout container. The UPC is a number that uniquely identifies the product on which it appears. Currently, Alliance is using the UPC information to update inventory records for each item. Although the system has greatly improved the company’s ability to replenish inventory promptly, the company still has some problems.For example, sudden changes in demand for a particular item can catch the company by surprise as it bases inventory replenishment on historical demand patterns. Further, demand patterns and preferences may vary from one store to another depending on the customers served by each, but the inventory system groups all demand information together and treats each store equally. Finally, the manufacturers that make the products stocked by Alliance Supermarkets are always pre ssuring Alliance to help them target appropriate customers for special promotions and sales.The chief information officer (CIO) of Alliance realizes that much more could probably be done with the data collected from its POS system. For example, the company could analyze the relationship between each product’s sales and weather patterns. It is even possible to analyze an individual customer’s buying habits and identify instances when a customer may be persuaded to try a different brand of a certain product. Suppose you have been asked to study this situation and suggest possible new and innovative uses for the information generated by the POS system.Ideally, these ideas should help Alliance better serve its customers by ensuring that adequate quantities of each item are available, that costs are kept low, and that customers are made aware of new products that may interest them. 1. What information may help Alliance reduce costs while providing better service? 2. If purc hase information can be obtained on individual customers, what new approach could be used by Alliance?Your paper should be in paragraph form (avoid the use of bullet points), and supported with the concepts outlined in your text. Do not include the original questions of the assignment in the paper. Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment. Alliance Analysis The CIO for Alliance Supermarkets desires to make better use of the volume of data retrieved with each sale via the Point of Sale (POS) software that documents the sale of each product as it is bar coded.There are three key issues which the CIO wishes to address: 1) be able to respond to sudden, unanticipated inventory demand; 2) identify demand patterns that vary from store to store; 3) assist the manufacturers to better target customers for special promotions and sales. With the use of POS, Alliance Supermarkets have the ability to track sales of products and reorder the m automatically. With this type of information, the manufacturers have ready access to what products have been sold as they are scanned.Scanning the bar code for each product sends a signal to the manufacturers documenting the sale of each item in inventory as the sale occurs. When predetermined levels are reached, an order is placed with the manufacturer to replenish the inventory. The POS information can also help manufacturers â€Å"analyze an individual customer's buying habits and identify instances when a customer may be persuaded to try a different brand of a certain product† (Vonderembse & White, 2013).Alliance Supermarkets can better serve its customers by having adequate supplies of inventory based upon the ways that the store tracks its inventory. Not only will regular order replenishment of inventory improve customer satisfaction, but it will have the added effect of improving efficiencies and making the best use of capital resources. A perpetual inventory system of some merchandise such as perishable foods like meat, dairy products, and vegetables can help lower costs through greater efficiencies in processes.By avoiding Stock Outs, customers will have the ability to purchase their desired products without inventory costs. Adding Safety Stock to the inventory control plan can also aid Alliance in flexing up for sudden surge demand. Taking advantage of volume discounts is another way that costs can be controlled more efficiently. There is not always a cost savings in buying in volume. Therefore, using the formula of OP = dL can be used to determine an optimum point to reorder. OP = order point. d= daily use, and L = lead time.This helps determine how much advance notice is needed in order for the store not to run out of inventory. (Vonderembse & White, 2013 p. 10. 4) Alliance can also make use of demographic and purchasing decisions based upon POS transactions. Sorting the data individually by each store will help Alliance identify purchasin g trends. Orders can be placed specific to each stores demographic. A periodic inventory control system of non perishable items such as dairy products, meat and vegetables could be used to help assess the grocery stores replenishment goals without running out of goods.

Understanding Purpose of Proposal

Understanding Purpose of Proposal The Purpose of Proposal Trap Make an outline of topics that you want to have in your statement of purpose. Information and discussion about initial data might be distinct section. The message could be accompanied by strong evidential materials in the shape of agreements, brochures, etc.. Though the topic of your presentation will be different based on the customers requirements, think about designing your presentation around the theme of trust and client support. Many businesses will use an RFP template to offer prospective suppliers details of what it is that they are searching for in a bid. So you are certain to locate a template that fits with your client brand. Fill-in expert proposal template offers you an outline to follow and make it simpler to organize your information in the right format. How to Choose Purpose of Proposal Intelligent objects are used, and photos are easily changed. Meeting with key decision-makers in advance and asking probing questions to determine exactly what they're searching for is minimum preparation. Present your comprehension of the customers needs, your solution, and the advantages of the solution out of their prospective. Writing a business plan makes it possible for you to genuinely think things through. Another benefit of our website is the quickness. As soon as an organization is proposing an idea to be shown by means of a project director, it's very important to them to have credibility. Always keep in mind that every paragraph ought to be at least seven sentences. In the very first paragraph, the very first sentence identifies the overall topic area. To start with, the goal of proposal writing is to be sure your paper has a crystal clear outline and a program. You'll be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and when you choose to purchase essay and pick an allocated writer, things will get even more exciting. Whether you've got to make a paper of special flawlessness, just purchase an essay here and our writers will provide help. Next, the author should explain what things to do with the idea. As our group of writers is pretty big, we always have free writers prepared to bring a manageable and well-paid purchase. A summary could be included here or might be conveyed in the cover letter. In fact, prior to making an order it is possible to secure a price quote on your essay. It's possible to also think of a preliminary collection of chapters. Top Purpose of Proposal Choices Sponsors want to feel that you're serious about helping them with their problems. Proposals are simple and common to have by especially when you're exposed in the area of business. Business proposals have to be distinguished from estimates. Fundraising proposals are simpler than other sort of proposals like sponsorship and company proposals. Dissemination efforts ought to be tailored to certain clients and target audiences. The aim is to offer information regarding your company and the way that it can help your customers. The objective of the checklist is to make sure that contractors submit thorough, accurate, and total proposals. The main aim of the company proposal letter needs to be to earn a formal proposal for delivery (even more supply) of goods with the indication of particular provisions of the transaction. The Purpose of Proposal Trap The previous page of your research proposal ought to be the bibliography. In different situations a proposal can be required, sometimes not. A great thesis proposal hinges on a great idea. Writing a research proposal is as a great deal of critical task since it is doing the survey itself, so be awfully attentive. Benefits function as the decent things that will take place by completing the objectives that are presented. Goals and objectives form the most significant portion of a project proposal and one needs to pay great attention whilst framing them. Setting the purpose is frequently the very first step towards creating a proposal as it lays the foundation for the undertaking. Aim of the research proposal is an extremely important component that should be clearly assessed by the author.

Gender and Our Judicial System Essay - 2349 Words

The ambiguous language and aim of the constitution has allowed for numerous interpretations of the law. There have been several instances, where our limited perception and interpretation of the constitution has warranted change due to cases that do not fit the ruling party’s ideology of equality. In those cases, we amended our constitution and included clear diction to award rights to those subjected to subordination, so in going forward a clear distinction would not allow room for interpretations that perpetuated further discrimination. Over the course of history, we have followed this path to incorporate our societies changing paradigm that was dissimilar to our founding fathers’. Interestingly so, the rights they deemed as inalienable†¦show more content†¦No state shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United State; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. (U.S. Const. amend. XIV,  § 1). The Equal Protection Clause (EPC), ratified in 1868 and then added to the 14th amendment, is an assumptive all-inclusive key that offers protection against sex based discrimination. Although a warranted assumption, it is incorrect. Firstly, In The Readers Companion to Woman’s History (Mankiller, Mink, Navarro, Smith, Steinam, 1999) we discover that â€Å"the court has never read the 14th amendment to forbid all sex-based classifications† (p. 326). This elusive detail demonstrates the precarious standing of equality held within the 14th amendment. Additionally, it demonstrates the amendments unconstrained interpretations of sex. Since no precedent has been set against sex-based classification, there is no guarantee that sex discrimination is invalid in all conditions. In view of this major technicality, it is problematic to ensure that women, who suffer from the same bias and stereotypes yet hold dissimilar positions, will receive judicial equality and rectification wi thin our judicial system. This leads me to a practical example of this inequality, foundShow MoreRelatedIn Recent Decades, The Judicial Systems Failures And Shortcomings1409 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent decades, the Judicial Systems failures and shortcomings to proportionally represent minorities and women of our diverse nation has quickly become a controversial issue. â€Å"The United States is more diverse than ever, but its state judges are not. 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Efficiency Gain of International Trade Essay - 1745 Words

In evaluating the efficiency gain of international trade, we are concerned about the entire country or community, and thus encounter a more complicated situation with several individuals making up the entire country. Answer these questions (provide graphs if you want): What is meant by the community indifference curve? The community indifference curve shows the various combinations of two commodities which yield the same level of satisfaction or utility to a community or nation. It is intended to represent the preferences of a country as a whole and is a convenient tool for deriving quantities of trade in a two-good model. The slope of a curve at any point gives the marginal rate of substitution or the amount of a commodity which a†¦show more content†¦The shape of the production possibility frontier (PPF) of a country depends on: (1) its factor endowments and (2) the production functions of the various commodities. The plausible shapes of the production possibility frontier include: Linear Suppose there are constant returns to scale in both industries and only one factor, then the production possibility frontier is a straight line. If the opportunity cost is constant as production of different goods is changing, then a linear PPF is produced. Concave (towards origin) Suppose there is diseconomies of scale or decreasing returns to scale. Under full utilization of resources, the production possibility frontier is concave towards the origin. This shape is basically due to the differences in optimal factor intensities between industries. If a country faces increasing opportunity costs or marginal rate of transformation (MRT) in producing more units of a commodity, then this is shown by a PPF that is concave. The country will produce where the MRT is equal to the equilibrium relative commodity price. Convex (towards origin) Suppose there is economies of scale or increasing returns to scale. 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The Retail Inventory-Level Planning Free Essays

Retail Inventory-Level Planning consists of retail inventory method (RIM) which is an accounting procedure whose objectives are to maintain a perpetual. It also can book inventory in retail dollars amounts and to maintain records that make it possible to determine the cost value of the inventory at any time without taking a physical inventory. Also known as book inventory system or perpetual book inventory. We will write a custom essay sample on The Retail Inventory-Level Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Retailers also have another important choice to make the stock to sales ratio. The stock to sales ratio is derived directly from the planned inventory to determine monthly additions to stock in the merchandise budget plan. Retailers generally think of their inventory at retail price levels rather than at cost. Retailers use their initial markups, additional markups, and markdowns, and so forth as percentages of retail. When retailers compare their prices to competitors†, they use retail prices. The problem is that when retailers to design their financial plans, evaluate performance, and prepare financial statements, they need to know the cost value of their inventory. Retailers use physical inventories. This process is time consuming and costly. Retailers take physical inventories once or twice a year. Many retailers use point of sale terminals that keep track of every item sold its original cost, and its final selling price. The rest of the retailers face a problem of not knowing the cost value of their inventory at one time. These retailers with either computerized or manual systems can use retail inventory method. Their are five advantages for using RIM over a system of inventory at cost. The does not have to â€Å"cost† each time. When retailers have many SKUs, keeping track of each item becomes difficult and expensive. It is easier to determine the value of inventory with the retail prices marked on the merchandise than unmarked or at coded cost prices. The second advantage for using RIM is that it follows the accepted accounting principal of valuing assets at cost or market value, which is lower. This system lowers the value of inventory when markdowns are taken but does not allow inventory†s value increase with additional markups. When using RIM, the amounts and percentages of initial markups, markdowns, and shrinkage can be identified. This information can then be compared with historical records or industry norms. RIM is useful for determining shrinkage. The difference between the book inventory and the physical inventory can be attributed to shrinkage. The book inventory determined by RIM can be used in an insurance claim in case of a loss. The disadvantages of RIM are system that uses average markup. When markup percentages change during a period or when the inventory on hand at a particular time is not representative of the total goods handled in terms of markup, the resulting cost may be distorted. The inventory turnover, merchandise budget planning, open to buy, all these should be applied to the RIM category basis to avoid the problem. There are four steps in when calculating RIM. Calculate total goods handled at cost and retail, calculate retail reductions, calculate the cumulative markup and cost multiplier, and determine ending book inventory. Calculating the total goods handled in at cost and retail to determine the total goods handled at cost and retail: 1. Record beginning inventory at cost and at retail. The initial markup is reflected in the retail inventory. 2. Calculate net purchases by recording gross purchases and adjusting for merchandise returned to vendor. 3. Calculate net additional markups by adjusting gross additional markup cancellations. Note: These are recorded only at retail because markups affect only the retail value of inventory. 4. Record transportation expenses. Here transportation is recorded at cost because it affects only the cost of the inventory. 5. Calculate net transfers by recording the transfers in and out. A transfer can be from one department to another or from one store to the next. Transfers are generally made to help adjust inventory to fit demand. A transfer is, in effect, just like a purchase (transfer in) or a return (transfer out). Thus, it is recorded at both cost and retail. 6. The sum is the total goods handled. Calculating retail reductions are the transactions that reduce the value inventory at retail (except additional markup cancellations, which were included as part of the total goods handled). Reductions are calculated as follows: 1. The largest reduction in inventory is sales. Gross sales are reduced to net sales by deducting customer returns and allowances. 2. Calculate markdowns, are derived by subtracting any markdowns from gross markdowns. 3. Record discounts to employees and customers. 4. Record estimated shrinkage is used to determine the ending book inventory if the buyer has prepared an interim financial statement. Estimate shrinkage would not be included if a physical inventory were taken at the same time. The difference between physical inventory and book inventory would be the amount due to loss. Next, a retailer has to calculate the cumulative markup and the cost multiplier. The cumulative markup is the average percentage markup for the period. It is calculated like this: Cumulative markup total retail The cumulative markup can be used as a measuring stick against the planned initial markup. If the cumulative markup is higher than the planned initial markup, then the Category is doing better than expected. Cost multiplier =($100-cumulative markup %) The cost multiplier is used in the next step to determine the ending book inventory at retail price. The final step in the process is determining the ending book inventory at cost and retail. Ending book inventory at retail = total goods handled at retail – total reductions The ending book inventory at cost is determined the same way that retail has changed to cost. Ending book inventory at cost = ending book inventory at retail * cost multiplier When using the RIM retailers generally use the average beginning of month (BOM) stock to sales ratio. This is taken from the planned inventory which was taken from the RIM. This is used to determine monthly additions to stock in the merchandise budget plan. The BOM is broken down into three different methods week†s supply method, basic stock method, and percentage variation method. The week†s supply method is the inventory management method is the most similar to the stock to sales method. The difference between the two is that everything is expressed in weeks rather than months. The average BOM stock to sales ratio is equal to months in the period divided by the planned inventory for the period. â€Å"If the plan is for 12 months and planned turnover is 6, the average BOM stock to sales ratio = 12/6=2. Using the week†s supply method, 52 weeks are substituted for 12 months. Thus, 52 weeks 6 turns =8.66 weeks of supply. This means the buyer is planning to have 8.66 weeks of supply at the beginning of the month. (Of course, 8.66 weeks is equivalent to two months.)† The basic stock method is the inventory management method used to determine the BOM inventory by considering both the sales forecast for the month and the back-up stock. How to cite The Retail Inventory-Level Planning, Essay examples

Nike Logistic Distribution Channel diagram & Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Logistic Management and Strategy of Nike. Answer: Nike ships products directly to customers Direct to consumer advertising or marketing is a popular form of marketing endorsement that is aimed in the direction of the end patient rather than healthcare professionals. Nikes distribution system was traditional system in which the customers used to get their products through the vendors. However, after the introduction of social media everything changes. The biggest change that social media brought with itself is the change in business concepts (Distelhorst et al. 2016). Most of the business organizations started to use social media as their promotional tool. However, things changes when some companies started online sites from when customers can buy products without walking into shops. Nike noticed this trend in business and saw that some organizations gained tremendous success through this process. Aamazon is the biggest example of that. After that the management of Nike decided to hop into e-commerce and introduced their online shopping site named as Nike.com (Ross 2013). In a little time the organization realized that their decision was not wrong as they started to gain more attention and from customers and their profit started to go up in an unexpected manner. That was the time when the management of the organization decided to enhance this process in order to strengthen their market hold. Nike has started to use Direct to Consumer (DTC) channels in order to improve their brand statement and to push sales of premium products. Through DTC, Nike is able to have better flexibility over pricing, inventory and commodities decisions. The management of the organization expected that, as DTC channels sales are periphery accretive, it will help the association to reach its target of a 0.4-0.6 percentage point growth in its gross margin each year through fiscal 2020 (Hoejmose et al. 2013). From the figure 1, it can be said that Nike was able to meet its targets till date by using DTC channels. However, there were some other major reasons that allowed Nike to implement such as channel in their supply chain. Figure 1: E-commerce sale of Nike (Source: Schaltegger and Burritt 2014) Marketing department of Nike could understand that web services will provide greater options to Nike which will give them a competitive edge over its customers and will provide a better customer services. Besides, the organization also understood that being a sports good selling company, they must have a digital initiative which will serve as an important source of customer data helping them to develop new products targeted as specific consumer segments (Buddress 2013). Besides, Nike also understood that social media is a necessary tool for engaging with the customer that will help its marketing team to provide better customized and personalized options. Product customization by NiKEiD and improvements it its SNKRS app was introduced in February 2015. These options allows Nike to stay ahead of new footwear brands such as Skechers that reported a sales growth of over 30% in the year of 2015 (Kozlenkova 2015). More importantly, e-commerce business has emerged as a profitable one and a margin enhancer for all the business organizations. It is also responsible for attracting more customers towards a brand. For example, if a customer is looking for a sports shoe and walks into a retailer shop, the retailers will obviously prioritize what sells (Pullman and Collins 2013). If that customer is not sure about a pair of shoes from Nike, but they can close the same deal by buying a Reebok, retailers will sell the Reebok shoes to them without thinking twice. This situation will not take place in case of e-commerce selling which is direct to customer process. Besides, at its initial stage, Nike.com helped the organization to acquire more sale than any other competitor in the market there it came out to be a profitable venture for the organization. According to Qrunfleh and Tarafdar (2014), direct to consumer sales of Nike grew by 15% and reached to $3.7 billion in the last quarter of 2015 which was s upported by a 10% increase in same-store sale and high growth in their e-commerce channel. As mentioned by Shi and Yu (2013), rise of upgraded mobile technologies, technologies related to social and cloud processes, customer expectations continue to rise. Customers are nowadays looking for a more seamless experience. In the industry from where Nike belongs, customer experience is a new battlefield. It is considered as a major competitive advantage that attracts and keeps customers. Direct to consumer sales process through online sites allows business organizations to envision how the customer journey should take place. As a result, marketing team of that company can implement the tactics necessary to make that vision a reality (Sajjad et al. 2015). Nike management considered these points and then decided to open direct to consumer channels. Another major reason behind Nikes decision to open direct to consumer is the facility of DTC that allows an organization to collect customer behaviour data. Direct to consumer channels are a big chance for companies to develop the lifetime value of consumers because those companies can garner knowledge about their consumers and tailor personalized sopping experiences them. However, it is also true that data cannot provide a complete knowledge on the current customer behaviour; therefore, an organization should also use traditional channels to keep a steady communication with the customers (Lemke and Petersen 2013). Nikes decision to implement direct to consumer channel was also influenced by the introduction of several newly launched organizations that are having unique marketing style. The organization decided to reach to its customers more precisely and that is why they decided to hop in e-commerce business. Reasons to start satellite centres In spite of having traditional centralized model, Nike is planning to have satellite centres. In this new distribution model inventory will be managed through both the central warehouse and the satellites. This process is mostly used in European logistics organizations for each market channel (Tachizawa and Wong 2015). However, this needs central coordination of stocking policies for the individual satellites. The management of Nike realized that full supply chain visibility is highly important for the organization where central warehouse will be able to view stock levels, original demand and sales forecast for each satellite facility. This type of visibility will help Nike to continuously optimize order delivery. This can be done either by direct deliveries to customers from the central warehouse or by deliveries from satellite facilities. It will also help Nike to optimise its inventory continuously through location or relocation of products and stock among central warehouse and lo cal satellites. As mentioned by Xu et al. (2014), this type of visibility will help Nike to facilitate cross-docking and combine-in-transit activities at all warehouse locations. It will also help to strengthen the tracking and tracing of goods and orders across the total supply chain. It will allow Nike management to easily perform and maintain control over the flow of goods. Virtual warehousing is a famous model of supply chain that creates full visibility of inventory at all stocking points within a specific area. In this way, an organization can fulfil any kind of order from anywhere in the network without considering where the goods are stored. However, some organizations still prefer flexible warehouse solutions and Nike is one of them. Nike decided to follow the model after Wal-Mart gained extreme success with it. Wal-Mart was the first organization that introduced companywide use of Universal Product Code bar codes (Ageron et al. 2012). It helps to collect and analyze store level information. At Wal-Mart, their retail link stays connected with the analysts who forecast supplier stress to supplier network that shows real-time sales data from cash registers and to the distribution centres of Wal-Mart. In this supply chain, suppliers and manufactures harmonize their demand projections under a concerted planning, forecasting and replacement scheme. Eac h of these schemes in the chain remains connected through technology that contains central database, store-level point-of-sale systems and a satellite network. This type of supply chain is another major reason of Wal-Marts immense success. All the information that is collected are shared with the partners. In addition, Wal-Mart also networked its distributors via computers. The organization entered into cooperation with PG in order to maintain the inventory in its stores which helped them to develop an automated re-ordering system. This automated re-ordering system created a connection among all the computers of PG factory though satellite communication system. Then PG delivered the item either to Wal-Mart allocation centre or unswervingly to the store. Nike management noticed this operational advantages of using satellites in supply chain management and that is why the management decided to use satellite centres in their supply chain management. According to Cruz (2013), supply chain cost of online accessories retailing are twice the distribution costs of traditional systems. Traditional distribution channels are much more efficient as customers do the most labour-intensive work for the retailer by picking the order from the store and transporting products. Cost of such activities are nearly 10% if the consumer price. Besides, organization have to pay recruit well-trained and qualified workers to do this tasks without any type of error. After analyzing the advantages that Wal-Mart gained through their satellites, Nike was influenced to use the same in their supply chain management. Besides, supply chain satellite offers objective insights into a companys logistics procurement strategy that in turn supports decision making related to logistics outsourcing. Supply chain satellite is known as a joint venture of Supply chain media, Nyenrode University, DSV and Districon. This supply chain model generally uses a four quadrant model to envisage a companys location within the strategic landscape (Porteous and Rammohan 2013). The first step is used to scrutinize the current situation which is an exercise of self-reflection that helps to decide which types of logistic systems an organization wants to use. That is why, in spite of having a centralized supply chain system, Nike decided to open a satellite centre of their own. Pros and Cons of labelling and packing in distributive centres The main purposes of packaging are protection of product, attractiveness of product, co-operation with channel and segmentation. It is known as a technology for protecting products for distribution, storage, sale and use. According to (), packaging is also described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport warehousing sale and use. On the other hand, labelling is known as a written or graphic communication on the package or on a disconnected but associated label. Both the systems have some advantages for which they are an important operational part of distribution channel. Advantages of packaging: Packaging provides different advantages to different types of segments. Some advantages of packaging are provided below, Advantage to manufacturers: Packaging helps the manufactures of Nike to keep the product safe while transporting it. Packaging also helps to facilitate storage and also helps in advertising and sales promotional activities. Besides, it is responsible for increasing demand and profits of an organization. Advantage of middleman: Packaging will help the middlemen to store the product in is proper place. Based on the packaging, it will be easy to exhibit it before the customers. By Looking at the packaging, the workers working in a warehouse will be able to understand what is inside the package and they will be able to handle it accordingly. Advantages of customers: Packaging will reduce the chances of tarnishing and it is also helpful in providing important knowledge about the product and the organization that manufactured it. It also includes steps and instructions from which customers will be able to understand the procedure through which the product will be used. Advantages of labelling: Labelling is not different from packaging and all its advantages are nearly same as the advantages of packaging. Labelling will allow the manufacturing organization which is Nike to give a clear instruction about the users of the product. As a result of labelling, the manufacturing organization can make sure that the product is being sold by its original price. Labelling also helps to develop manufacturer and buyer relation. As a result, manufacturers are encouraged to develop only standard products which buyers can easily identify. Besides, from labelling, a user can get various types of information about the product like the date of manufacturing and the date of expire. However, in case of Nike this advantage will not count, However, by the process of labelling a user will be able to understand if this product will meet his demands or not. Disadvantages of packaging and labelling: In case for labelling, if the customer is illiterate it will not help him to understand the product and its features. Besides, adding a proper label that will include every bit of information about the product will increase the cost of the product (Tachizawa and Wong 2015). On the other hand, labelling is only effective where standardization is compulsory. Sometimes labelling becomes the only tool for the customers to compare it with other product. Most of the customers do not even bother to use it to feel its performances. This eventually ends in abandonment of a product in support of the other. In case of packaging, the main reason of its disadvantage is the cost associated with it. According to Porteous and Rammohan (2013), packaging can increase price of a product up to 40% of the selling price. On the other hand, packaging is accountable for important portions of the waste stream. A report published by Ashland Food Cooperative, packaging is alone responsible for one third of land filling the United States. It is also true that products that use more packaging consume more resources production. It is found that nearly 12 million barrels of oil are used to make water bottles and one pound of polystyrene uses about two pounds of stock of petroleum. Another biggest advantage of packaging in distributive centre rather than in factory will come from the distributive company. Distributive organizations also look for ways to promote their brand image and they choose the products to do so (Xiao et al. 2014). So many times it is seen that the distribution company has repacked a pr oduct by using their logo in order to improve their brand image towards the customers. Besides, in some cases it is also seen that distribution organization are changing the labels related to the price of the products as per their requirement. This will hamper the brand image o the manufacturing organization and they will lose the loyalty of the customers. From the above discussion, it is clear that packaging and labelling has both advantages and disadvantages. However, it is true that it is not possible to transport a product without giving it proper packaging and labelling in order protect is from theft and misuse. Pros and Cons of material handling service by Nike According to the traditional definition, the material handling services are considered as the activities for storing, protecting, controlling as well as moving the materials throughout various operational divisions. These divisions can be ranged from customer provision, distribution, and disposal as well as manufacturing. Just like any other service it also includes several major advantages as well as disadvantages, while Nikes operational success is concerned (Martel and Klibi 2016). The major advantages of the material handling services are described below: Accident elimination: Nike will be able to control the distribution of the materials properly so that there will be limited chance of any accident. The company effectively focuses on careful handling of the materials, which help them to avoid any kind of hindrance regarding the supply of the materials to the customers as well as various divisions of the operation (Ivanov et al. 2016). Besides, it is also important to protect the products from theft or the prevention of misuse. Material handling will help Nike to eliminate those problems while it is transported to consumers or to any distribution centre. Stress and effort reduction: Nike will be also able to reduce the effort and stress associated with the supply operation of the companys materials. In this context, it has been identified that Nike highly emphasize on eradication of the factors, which are challenging as well as risky for the supply operation. These factors are mostly ineffective workers as well as non-functional equipment (Albert et al. 2014). Distribution time minimization: Nike will be able to make the distribution, manufacture as well as storage operation less time consuming. In order to do that, the company focuses on good material handling with relevant and scientific techniques. It will eventually make the supply operation more easy and quick (Distelhorst et al. 2014). It is already discussed that the organization is even using satellite systems to enhance their supply chain management This system will help the organization to handle their storage operations in a better way. Redundant work elimination: The company will be able to identify the unnecessary work, which accumulates with the retail centre based supply chain management. In this context, it is freely acknowledged that companys material handling service will be able to minimize the work and stress. The company can thereby terminate extra workers in an efficient fashion (Martel and Klibi 2016). The extensive study of the supply chain management of Nike has been able to indicate several crucial disadvantages, which plays a very crucial influence on the companys performance. These disadvantages are discussed below: Application of the technology: In order to implement the material handling services properly, Nike will need to initiate several crucial technological systems. In this context, the company will need an experienced and efficient workforce (Ivanov et al. 2016). However, this scenario makes the supply chain management mostly dependent on the technical employees. Management of logistics: As the company is solely responsible for supplying the materials to various operational divisions such as distribution, provision, storage as well as manufacture, they have to work on a very wide-ranging database (Albert et al. 2014). This particular scenario presents a greater concern for the company, as a singly mistake has the potential of high loss. Security of the supply chain: Security for the material handling service poses most critical concern for the company. In this context, it has been identified that the company have to focus on greater supervision and surveillance so that company can avoid any kind of thievery or fraudulent acts (Distelhorst et al. 2014). References Ageron, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainable supply management: An empirical study.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.168-182. Albert, P.J., Werhane, P. and Rolph, T., 2014. Global Corporations and Supply Chain Management. 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