Efficiency Gain of International Trade Essay - 1745 Words

In evaluating the efficiency gain of international trade, we are concerned about the entire country or community, and thus encounter a more complicated situation with several individuals making up the entire country. Answer these questions (provide graphs if you want): What is meant by the community indifference curve? The community indifference curve shows the various combinations of two commodities which yield the same level of satisfaction or utility to a community or nation. It is intended to represent the preferences of a country as a whole and is a convenient tool for deriving quantities of trade in a two-good model. The slope of a curve at any point gives the marginal rate of substitution or the amount of a commodity which a†¦show more content†¦The shape of the production possibility frontier (PPF) of a country depends on: (1) its factor endowments and (2) the production functions of the various commodities. The plausible shapes of the production possibility frontier include: Linear Suppose there are constant returns to scale in both industries and only one factor, then the production possibility frontier is a straight line. If the opportunity cost is constant as production of different goods is changing, then a linear PPF is produced. Concave (towards origin) Suppose there is diseconomies of scale or decreasing returns to scale. Under full utilization of resources, the production possibility frontier is concave towards the origin. This shape is basically due to the differences in optimal factor intensities between industries. If a country faces increasing opportunity costs or marginal rate of transformation (MRT) in producing more units of a commodity, then this is shown by a PPF that is concave. The country will produce where the MRT is equal to the equilibrium relative commodity price. Convex (towards origin) Suppose there is economies of scale or increasing returns to scale. Under full utilization of resources, the production possibility frontier is convex towards the origin. If there is increasing returns to scale in either or both industries and there is one factor of production then the production set is non-convex.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Advantages and Disadvantages of Free International Trade1283 Words   |  6 Pages1a) Advantages of free international trade 1. Increasing the production. Countries are enabled by free international trade to specialise or to focus in the production of the goods in which they have a comparative advantage. Specialisation countries can take the benefit of efficiencies generated from increased output and economies of trade. 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The Retail Inventory-Level Planning Free Essays

Retail Inventory-Level Planning consists of retail inventory method (RIM) which is an accounting procedure whose objectives are to maintain a perpetual. It also can book inventory in retail dollars amounts and to maintain records that make it possible to determine the cost value of the inventory at any time without taking a physical inventory. Also known as book inventory system or perpetual book inventory. We will write a custom essay sample on The Retail Inventory-Level Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Retailers also have another important choice to make the stock to sales ratio. The stock to sales ratio is derived directly from the planned inventory to determine monthly additions to stock in the merchandise budget plan. Retailers generally think of their inventory at retail price levels rather than at cost. Retailers use their initial markups, additional markups, and markdowns, and so forth as percentages of retail. When retailers compare their prices to competitors†, they use retail prices. The problem is that when retailers to design their financial plans, evaluate performance, and prepare financial statements, they need to know the cost value of their inventory. Retailers use physical inventories. This process is time consuming and costly. Retailers take physical inventories once or twice a year. Many retailers use point of sale terminals that keep track of every item sold its original cost, and its final selling price. The rest of the retailers face a problem of not knowing the cost value of their inventory at one time. These retailers with either computerized or manual systems can use retail inventory method. Their are five advantages for using RIM over a system of inventory at cost. The does not have to â€Å"cost† each time. When retailers have many SKUs, keeping track of each item becomes difficult and expensive. It is easier to determine the value of inventory with the retail prices marked on the merchandise than unmarked or at coded cost prices. The second advantage for using RIM is that it follows the accepted accounting principal of valuing assets at cost or market value, which is lower. This system lowers the value of inventory when markdowns are taken but does not allow inventory†s value increase with additional markups. When using RIM, the amounts and percentages of initial markups, markdowns, and shrinkage can be identified. This information can then be compared with historical records or industry norms. RIM is useful for determining shrinkage. The difference between the book inventory and the physical inventory can be attributed to shrinkage. The book inventory determined by RIM can be used in an insurance claim in case of a loss. The disadvantages of RIM are system that uses average markup. When markup percentages change during a period or when the inventory on hand at a particular time is not representative of the total goods handled in terms of markup, the resulting cost may be distorted. The inventory turnover, merchandise budget planning, open to buy, all these should be applied to the RIM category basis to avoid the problem. There are four steps in when calculating RIM. Calculate total goods handled at cost and retail, calculate retail reductions, calculate the cumulative markup and cost multiplier, and determine ending book inventory. Calculating the total goods handled in at cost and retail to determine the total goods handled at cost and retail: 1. Record beginning inventory at cost and at retail. The initial markup is reflected in the retail inventory. 2. Calculate net purchases by recording gross purchases and adjusting for merchandise returned to vendor. 3. Calculate net additional markups by adjusting gross additional markup cancellations. Note: These are recorded only at retail because markups affect only the retail value of inventory. 4. Record transportation expenses. Here transportation is recorded at cost because it affects only the cost of the inventory. 5. Calculate net transfers by recording the transfers in and out. A transfer can be from one department to another or from one store to the next. Transfers are generally made to help adjust inventory to fit demand. A transfer is, in effect, just like a purchase (transfer in) or a return (transfer out). Thus, it is recorded at both cost and retail. 6. The sum is the total goods handled. Calculating retail reductions are the transactions that reduce the value inventory at retail (except additional markup cancellations, which were included as part of the total goods handled). Reductions are calculated as follows: 1. The largest reduction in inventory is sales. Gross sales are reduced to net sales by deducting customer returns and allowances. 2. Calculate markdowns, are derived by subtracting any markdowns from gross markdowns. 3. Record discounts to employees and customers. 4. Record estimated shrinkage is used to determine the ending book inventory if the buyer has prepared an interim financial statement. Estimate shrinkage would not be included if a physical inventory were taken at the same time. The difference between physical inventory and book inventory would be the amount due to loss. Next, a retailer has to calculate the cumulative markup and the cost multiplier. The cumulative markup is the average percentage markup for the period. It is calculated like this: Cumulative markup total retail The cumulative markup can be used as a measuring stick against the planned initial markup. If the cumulative markup is higher than the planned initial markup, then the Category is doing better than expected. Cost multiplier =($100-cumulative markup %) The cost multiplier is used in the next step to determine the ending book inventory at retail price. The final step in the process is determining the ending book inventory at cost and retail. Ending book inventory at retail = total goods handled at retail – total reductions The ending book inventory at cost is determined the same way that retail has changed to cost. Ending book inventory at cost = ending book inventory at retail * cost multiplier When using the RIM retailers generally use the average beginning of month (BOM) stock to sales ratio. This is taken from the planned inventory which was taken from the RIM. This is used to determine monthly additions to stock in the merchandise budget plan. The BOM is broken down into three different methods week†s supply method, basic stock method, and percentage variation method. The week†s supply method is the inventory management method is the most similar to the stock to sales method. The difference between the two is that everything is expressed in weeks rather than months. The average BOM stock to sales ratio is equal to months in the period divided by the planned inventory for the period. â€Å"If the plan is for 12 months and planned turnover is 6, the average BOM stock to sales ratio = 12/6=2. Using the week†s supply method, 52 weeks are substituted for 12 months. Thus, 52 weeks 6 turns =8.66 weeks of supply. This means the buyer is planning to have 8.66 weeks of supply at the beginning of the month. (Of course, 8.66 weeks is equivalent to two months.)† The basic stock method is the inventory management method used to determine the BOM inventory by considering both the sales forecast for the month and the back-up stock. How to cite The Retail Inventory-Level Planning, Essay examples

Nike Logistic Distribution Channel diagram & Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Logistic Management and Strategy of Nike. Answer: Nike ships products directly to customers Direct to consumer advertising or marketing is a popular form of marketing endorsement that is aimed in the direction of the end patient rather than healthcare professionals. Nikes distribution system was traditional system in which the customers used to get their products through the vendors. However, after the introduction of social media everything changes. The biggest change that social media brought with itself is the change in business concepts (Distelhorst et al. 2016). Most of the business organizations started to use social media as their promotional tool. However, things changes when some companies started online sites from when customers can buy products without walking into shops. Nike noticed this trend in business and saw that some organizations gained tremendous success through this process. Aamazon is the biggest example of that. After that the management of Nike decided to hop into e-commerce and introduced their online shopping site named as Nike.com (Ross 2013). In a little time the organization realized that their decision was not wrong as they started to gain more attention and from customers and their profit started to go up in an unexpected manner. That was the time when the management of the organization decided to enhance this process in order to strengthen their market hold. Nike has started to use Direct to Consumer (DTC) channels in order to improve their brand statement and to push sales of premium products. Through DTC, Nike is able to have better flexibility over pricing, inventory and commodities decisions. The management of the organization expected that, as DTC channels sales are periphery accretive, it will help the association to reach its target of a 0.4-0.6 percentage point growth in its gross margin each year through fiscal 2020 (Hoejmose et al. 2013). From the figure 1, it can be said that Nike was able to meet its targets till date by using DTC channels. However, there were some other major reasons that allowed Nike to implement such as channel in their supply chain. Figure 1: E-commerce sale of Nike (Source: Schaltegger and Burritt 2014) Marketing department of Nike could understand that web services will provide greater options to Nike which will give them a competitive edge over its customers and will provide a better customer services. Besides, the organization also understood that being a sports good selling company, they must have a digital initiative which will serve as an important source of customer data helping them to develop new products targeted as specific consumer segments (Buddress 2013). Besides, Nike also understood that social media is a necessary tool for engaging with the customer that will help its marketing team to provide better customized and personalized options. Product customization by NiKEiD and improvements it its SNKRS app was introduced in February 2015. These options allows Nike to stay ahead of new footwear brands such as Skechers that reported a sales growth of over 30% in the year of 2015 (Kozlenkova 2015). More importantly, e-commerce business has emerged as a profitable one and a margin enhancer for all the business organizations. It is also responsible for attracting more customers towards a brand. For example, if a customer is looking for a sports shoe and walks into a retailer shop, the retailers will obviously prioritize what sells (Pullman and Collins 2013). If that customer is not sure about a pair of shoes from Nike, but they can close the same deal by buying a Reebok, retailers will sell the Reebok shoes to them without thinking twice. This situation will not take place in case of e-commerce selling which is direct to customer process. Besides, at its initial stage, Nike.com helped the organization to acquire more sale than any other competitor in the market there it came out to be a profitable venture for the organization. According to Qrunfleh and Tarafdar (2014), direct to consumer sales of Nike grew by 15% and reached to $3.7 billion in the last quarter of 2015 which was s upported by a 10% increase in same-store sale and high growth in their e-commerce channel. As mentioned by Shi and Yu (2013), rise of upgraded mobile technologies, technologies related to social and cloud processes, customer expectations continue to rise. Customers are nowadays looking for a more seamless experience. In the industry from where Nike belongs, customer experience is a new battlefield. It is considered as a major competitive advantage that attracts and keeps customers. Direct to consumer sales process through online sites allows business organizations to envision how the customer journey should take place. As a result, marketing team of that company can implement the tactics necessary to make that vision a reality (Sajjad et al. 2015). Nike management considered these points and then decided to open direct to consumer channels. Another major reason behind Nikes decision to open direct to consumer is the facility of DTC that allows an organization to collect customer behaviour data. Direct to consumer channels are a big chance for companies to develop the lifetime value of consumers because those companies can garner knowledge about their consumers and tailor personalized sopping experiences them. However, it is also true that data cannot provide a complete knowledge on the current customer behaviour; therefore, an organization should also use traditional channels to keep a steady communication with the customers (Lemke and Petersen 2013). Nikes decision to implement direct to consumer channel was also influenced by the introduction of several newly launched organizations that are having unique marketing style. The organization decided to reach to its customers more precisely and that is why they decided to hop in e-commerce business. Reasons to start satellite centres In spite of having traditional centralized model, Nike is planning to have satellite centres. In this new distribution model inventory will be managed through both the central warehouse and the satellites. This process is mostly used in European logistics organizations for each market channel (Tachizawa and Wong 2015). However, this needs central coordination of stocking policies for the individual satellites. The management of Nike realized that full supply chain visibility is highly important for the organization where central warehouse will be able to view stock levels, original demand and sales forecast for each satellite facility. This type of visibility will help Nike to continuously optimize order delivery. This can be done either by direct deliveries to customers from the central warehouse or by deliveries from satellite facilities. It will also help Nike to optimise its inventory continuously through location or relocation of products and stock among central warehouse and lo cal satellites. As mentioned by Xu et al. (2014), this type of visibility will help Nike to facilitate cross-docking and combine-in-transit activities at all warehouse locations. It will also help to strengthen the tracking and tracing of goods and orders across the total supply chain. It will allow Nike management to easily perform and maintain control over the flow of goods. Virtual warehousing is a famous model of supply chain that creates full visibility of inventory at all stocking points within a specific area. In this way, an organization can fulfil any kind of order from anywhere in the network without considering where the goods are stored. However, some organizations still prefer flexible warehouse solutions and Nike is one of them. Nike decided to follow the model after Wal-Mart gained extreme success with it. Wal-Mart was the first organization that introduced companywide use of Universal Product Code bar codes (Ageron et al. 2012). It helps to collect and analyze store level information. At Wal-Mart, their retail link stays connected with the analysts who forecast supplier stress to supplier network that shows real-time sales data from cash registers and to the distribution centres of Wal-Mart. In this supply chain, suppliers and manufactures harmonize their demand projections under a concerted planning, forecasting and replacement scheme. Eac h of these schemes in the chain remains connected through technology that contains central database, store-level point-of-sale systems and a satellite network. This type of supply chain is another major reason of Wal-Marts immense success. All the information that is collected are shared with the partners. In addition, Wal-Mart also networked its distributors via computers. The organization entered into cooperation with PG in order to maintain the inventory in its stores which helped them to develop an automated re-ordering system. This automated re-ordering system created a connection among all the computers of PG factory though satellite communication system. Then PG delivered the item either to Wal-Mart allocation centre or unswervingly to the store. Nike management noticed this operational advantages of using satellites in supply chain management and that is why the management decided to use satellite centres in their supply chain management. According to Cruz (2013), supply chain cost of online accessories retailing are twice the distribution costs of traditional systems. Traditional distribution channels are much more efficient as customers do the most labour-intensive work for the retailer by picking the order from the store and transporting products. Cost of such activities are nearly 10% if the consumer price. Besides, organization have to pay recruit well-trained and qualified workers to do this tasks without any type of error. After analyzing the advantages that Wal-Mart gained through their satellites, Nike was influenced to use the same in their supply chain management. Besides, supply chain satellite offers objective insights into a companys logistics procurement strategy that in turn supports decision making related to logistics outsourcing. Supply chain satellite is known as a joint venture of Supply chain media, Nyenrode University, DSV and Districon. This supply chain model generally uses a four quadrant model to envisage a companys location within the strategic landscape (Porteous and Rammohan 2013). The first step is used to scrutinize the current situation which is an exercise of self-reflection that helps to decide which types of logistic systems an organization wants to use. That is why, in spite of having a centralized supply chain system, Nike decided to open a satellite centre of their own. Pros and Cons of labelling and packing in distributive centres The main purposes of packaging are protection of product, attractiveness of product, co-operation with channel and segmentation. It is known as a technology for protecting products for distribution, storage, sale and use. According to (), packaging is also described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport warehousing sale and use. On the other hand, labelling is known as a written or graphic communication on the package or on a disconnected but associated label. Both the systems have some advantages for which they are an important operational part of distribution channel. Advantages of packaging: Packaging provides different advantages to different types of segments. Some advantages of packaging are provided below, Advantage to manufacturers: Packaging helps the manufactures of Nike to keep the product safe while transporting it. Packaging also helps to facilitate storage and also helps in advertising and sales promotional activities. Besides, it is responsible for increasing demand and profits of an organization. Advantage of middleman: Packaging will help the middlemen to store the product in is proper place. Based on the packaging, it will be easy to exhibit it before the customers. By Looking at the packaging, the workers working in a warehouse will be able to understand what is inside the package and they will be able to handle it accordingly. Advantages of customers: Packaging will reduce the chances of tarnishing and it is also helpful in providing important knowledge about the product and the organization that manufactured it. It also includes steps and instructions from which customers will be able to understand the procedure through which the product will be used. Advantages of labelling: Labelling is not different from packaging and all its advantages are nearly same as the advantages of packaging. Labelling will allow the manufacturing organization which is Nike to give a clear instruction about the users of the product. As a result of labelling, the manufacturing organization can make sure that the product is being sold by its original price. Labelling also helps to develop manufacturer and buyer relation. As a result, manufacturers are encouraged to develop only standard products which buyers can easily identify. Besides, from labelling, a user can get various types of information about the product like the date of manufacturing and the date of expire. However, in case of Nike this advantage will not count, However, by the process of labelling a user will be able to understand if this product will meet his demands or not. Disadvantages of packaging and labelling: In case for labelling, if the customer is illiterate it will not help him to understand the product and its features. Besides, adding a proper label that will include every bit of information about the product will increase the cost of the product (Tachizawa and Wong 2015). On the other hand, labelling is only effective where standardization is compulsory. Sometimes labelling becomes the only tool for the customers to compare it with other product. Most of the customers do not even bother to use it to feel its performances. This eventually ends in abandonment of a product in support of the other. In case of packaging, the main reason of its disadvantage is the cost associated with it. According to Porteous and Rammohan (2013), packaging can increase price of a product up to 40% of the selling price. On the other hand, packaging is accountable for important portions of the waste stream. A report published by Ashland Food Cooperative, packaging is alone responsible for one third of land filling the United States. It is also true that products that use more packaging consume more resources production. It is found that nearly 12 million barrels of oil are used to make water bottles and one pound of polystyrene uses about two pounds of stock of petroleum. Another biggest advantage of packaging in distributive centre rather than in factory will come from the distributive company. Distributive organizations also look for ways to promote their brand image and they choose the products to do so (Xiao et al. 2014). So many times it is seen that the distribution company has repacked a pr oduct by using their logo in order to improve their brand image towards the customers. Besides, in some cases it is also seen that distribution organization are changing the labels related to the price of the products as per their requirement. This will hamper the brand image o the manufacturing organization and they will lose the loyalty of the customers. From the above discussion, it is clear that packaging and labelling has both advantages and disadvantages. However, it is true that it is not possible to transport a product without giving it proper packaging and labelling in order protect is from theft and misuse. Pros and Cons of material handling service by Nike According to the traditional definition, the material handling services are considered as the activities for storing, protecting, controlling as well as moving the materials throughout various operational divisions. These divisions can be ranged from customer provision, distribution, and disposal as well as manufacturing. Just like any other service it also includes several major advantages as well as disadvantages, while Nikes operational success is concerned (Martel and Klibi 2016). The major advantages of the material handling services are described below: Accident elimination: Nike will be able to control the distribution of the materials properly so that there will be limited chance of any accident. The company effectively focuses on careful handling of the materials, which help them to avoid any kind of hindrance regarding the supply of the materials to the customers as well as various divisions of the operation (Ivanov et al. 2016). Besides, it is also important to protect the products from theft or the prevention of misuse. Material handling will help Nike to eliminate those problems while it is transported to consumers or to any distribution centre. Stress and effort reduction: Nike will be also able to reduce the effort and stress associated with the supply operation of the companys materials. In this context, it has been identified that Nike highly emphasize on eradication of the factors, which are challenging as well as risky for the supply operation. These factors are mostly ineffective workers as well as non-functional equipment (Albert et al. 2014). Distribution time minimization: Nike will be able to make the distribution, manufacture as well as storage operation less time consuming. In order to do that, the company focuses on good material handling with relevant and scientific techniques. It will eventually make the supply operation more easy and quick (Distelhorst et al. 2014). It is already discussed that the organization is even using satellite systems to enhance their supply chain management This system will help the organization to handle their storage operations in a better way. Redundant work elimination: The company will be able to identify the unnecessary work, which accumulates with the retail centre based supply chain management. In this context, it is freely acknowledged that companys material handling service will be able to minimize the work and stress. The company can thereby terminate extra workers in an efficient fashion (Martel and Klibi 2016). The extensive study of the supply chain management of Nike has been able to indicate several crucial disadvantages, which plays a very crucial influence on the companys performance. These disadvantages are discussed below: Application of the technology: In order to implement the material handling services properly, Nike will need to initiate several crucial technological systems. In this context, the company will need an experienced and efficient workforce (Ivanov et al. 2016). However, this scenario makes the supply chain management mostly dependent on the technical employees. Management of logistics: As the company is solely responsible for supplying the materials to various operational divisions such as distribution, provision, storage as well as manufacture, they have to work on a very wide-ranging database (Albert et al. 2014). This particular scenario presents a greater concern for the company, as a singly mistake has the potential of high loss. Security of the supply chain: Security for the material handling service poses most critical concern for the company. In this context, it has been identified that the company have to focus on greater supervision and surveillance so that company can avoid any kind of thievery or fraudulent acts (Distelhorst et al. 2014). References Ageron, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainable supply management: An empirical study.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.168-182. Albert, P.J., Werhane, P. and Rolph, T., 2014. Global Corporations and Supply Chain Management. InGlobal Poverty Alleviation: A Case Book(pp. 321-348). Springer Netherlands. Buddress, L., 2013. Managing Supply Chain Sustainability and Risk: Keys to Success.Strategic Management,18(2), pp.3-16. Cruz, J.M., 2013. Mitigating global supply chain risks through corporate social responsibility.International Journal of Production Research,51(13), pp.3995-4010. Distelhorst, G., Hainmueller, J. and Locke, R.M., 2014. Does lean improve labor standards? Capability building and social performance in the Nike supply chain.Watson Institute for International Studies Research Paper, (2013-09). Distelhorst, G., Hainmueller, J. and Locke, R.M., 2016. Does Lean Improve Labor Standards? Management and Social Performance in the Nike Supply Chain.Management Science. Harms, D., Hansen, E.G. and Schaltegger, S., 2013. Strategies in sustainable supply chain management: an empirical investigation of large German companies.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(4), pp.205-218. Hoejmose, S., Brammer, S. and Millington, A., 2013. An empirical examination of the relationship between business strategy and socially responsible supply chain management.International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(5), pp.589-621. Ivanov, D., Tsipoulanidis, A. and Schnberger, J., 2016.Global Suppy Chain and Operations Management. Springer,. Kozlenkova, I.V., Hult, G.T.M., Lund, D.J., Mena, J.A. and Kekec, P., 2015. The role of marketing channels in supply chain management.Journal of Retailing,91(4), pp.586-609. Lemke, F. and Petersen, H.L., 2013. Teaching reputational risk management in the supply chain.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(4), pp.413-429. Martel, A. and Klibi, W., 2016. Supply Chains: Issues and Opportunities. InDesigning Value-Creating Supply Chain Networks(pp. 1-43). Springer International Publishing. Porteous, A. and Rammohan, S., 2013. Integration, Incentives and Innovation Nikes Strategy to Improve Social and Environmental Conditions in its Global Supply Chain. Pullman, M. and Collins, D.E., 2013. Reshaping the Operations and Supply Chain Management Core Class Curriculum to Include Business Sustainability.Operations Management Education Review,7. Qrunfleh, S. and Tarafdar, M., 2014. Supply chain information systems strategy: Impacts on supply chain performance and firm performance.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.340-350. Ross, D.F., 2013.Competing through supply chain management: creating market-winning strategies through supply chain partnerships. Springer Science Business Media. Sajjad, A., Eweje, G. and Tappin, D., 2015. Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Motivators and Barriers.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(7), pp.643-655. Schaltegger, S. and Burritt, R., 2014. Measuring and managing sustainability performance of supply chains: Review and sustainability supply chain management framework.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(3), pp.232-241. Shi, M. and Yu, W., 2013. Supply chain management and financial performance: literature review and future directions.International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(10), pp.1283-1317. Tachizawa, E.M. and Wong, C.Y., 2015. The performance of green supply chain management governance mechanisms: A supply network and complexity perspective.Journal of Supply Chain Management,51(3), pp.18-32. Xiao, T., Choi, T.M. and Cheng, T.C.E., 2014. Product variety and channel structure strategy for a retailer-Stackelberg supply chain.European Journal of Operational Research,233(1), pp.114-124. Xu, G., Dan, B., Zhang, X. and Liu, C., 2014. Coordinating a dual-channel supply chain with risk-averse under a two-way revenue sharing contract.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.171-179.

Letranger Essays - Absurdist Fiction, The Stranger, Meursault Wine

L'etranger The murder of the Arab is clearly the central event of the novel. Camus placed it in fact right in the middle of the book. It is the last incident recounted in part 1, so its importance is underscored by a structural break in the story. It is related in one of the longer chapters, which records in fine detail the events of the day, even when their relevance is not obvious - for example, several paragraphs are devoted to describing how Marie and Meursault frolic in the sea. The murder marks an obvious change in Meursault's life, from free man to prisoner, and some more subtle associated changes, such as his increasing introspection and concern with memory. Meursault himself describes the shooting in terms that emphasise both the destruction of a past and the start of something new: "and there, in that noise, sharp and deafening at the same time, is where - 'it all started' - I shook off the sweat and the sun. I knew that I had shattered the harmony of the day, the exceptional silence of a beach where I'd been happy". This violent crime also interrupts the routine flow of the story. Until the murder, nothing very dramatic has happened and nothing dramatic seems likely to happen. Partly, of course, this air of normality results from the way Meursault tells the story. His mother's death could have been a momentous event, but he begins the novel with the statement: 'Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday, I don't know'. The matter-of-fact tone and the uncertainty combine to make us feel that this is not a significant event. In many stories the first moments of love seem portentous. Of his first night with Marie Meursault says, 'Toward the end of the show, I gave her a kiss, but not a good one. She came back to my place. When I woke up, Marie had gone'. One could hardly be farther from romantic rapture. A few days later Meursault agrees to marry Marie, and that too could have been presented as a turning point in his life; but he relates their engagement as if it were a routine decision: 'That evening Marie came by to see me and asked me if I wanted to marry her. I said it didn't make much difference to me and that we could if she wanted to'. In narrating the murder itself, Meursault expresses very much the same attitude as he has previously; his actions have no conscious motives. The stage is set as if by accident, and that impression is reinforced by the accumulation of details. Meursault tells this day almost moment by moment. He tells of his headache and a bitter taste in his mouth, of Marie's white dress and Raymond's blue trousers, of their decision to take a bus rather than walk. Some of the details have symbolic functions. Marie remarks that he has a 'funeral face', alluding both to the funeral and to the impending murder. They bang on the Raymond's door to summon him, foreshadowing the gunshot raps 'on the door of unhappiness' at the time of the murder. The impression that this is just another day dominates the first part of this chapter, right up to the first confrontation with the Arabs. Meursault's role in this initial fracas is very passive. He accepts the task assigned to him by Raymond, to stand by to help 'if another one shows up'. He tries to shout a warning to Raymond, but too late. In the aftermath the three men return to the bungalow, and Masson then takes Raymond to a doctor, leaving Meursault, as he puts it, 'to explain to the women what had happened. I didn't like having to explain to them, so I just shut up, smoked a cigarette, and looked at the sea'. As usual, he gives no clue as to the content of his thoughts, and nothing is reported of his conversation with the two women. Masson and Raymond return from the doctor at one thirty, two hours after the walk first began. Raymond is in a surly mood and eventually announces that he is 'going down to the beach . . . to get some air'. Masson and Meursault both propose to go with him, but he tells them to mind their own business. Masson complies, but not Meursault: 'I followed him anyway'. This is Meursault's first rejection of authority, almost his first wilful act of the novel. The two men come upon the two Arabs

buy custom Risk Assessment for Health Care Organizations essay

buy custom Risk Assessment for Health Care Organizations essay The HITECH Act was enforced by Health and Human Services (HHS) Office for Health Information Technology. The act is the part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Council of Economic Advisors USA, 2010). The act has financial incentives and penalties aimed at ensuring health care providers demonstrate meaningful usage of electronic health record (EHR). Some of the penalties imposed by the program include the increase in legal liability to the health care providers. A Grant fraud is punishable by law and breaching of the act can lead to a fine of $25,000 (Caroline, 2010). Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) The enactment was made by Health and Human Services (HHS) Office Centers for Medical Services (CMS). EMTALA Act is part of COBRA Laws that began in 1986. The law is aimed at eliminating dumping of uninsured patients from one health provider to another. The act is also meant to help and protect patients as they get access to Medicare. Hospitals that violate the provisions of the act face being locked out of Medicare funding from the federal government. Therefore, every health institution is faced with the challenge of meeting the acts requirements as provided under the health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; the act requires health providers to prove their capacity to securely store patient information from unauthorized access. The act empowers the government to delegate authority to the criminal investigation department to examine questionable care provider institutions and in case of any violation, sanctions and stiff penalties appy. Further, civil and criminal penalti es may apply depending on the amount of evidence consolidated to support breach of business ethics and regulations (Caroline, 2010). Therefore, every health care provide ought to formulate a dependable security policy among the employee and suppliers to avoid sharing of private and confidential information. Moreover, the act recognizes the patients right to information and thus a clients consent is mandatory before sharing and transmission of any information can take place legally (Caroline, 2010). Dumping of patients, a term referring to the act of health care providers approving transfer of patients from one health care provider to another thus denying patient the right to get health care services they pay for is unethical and punishable. The main risks health care professionals face today is attending to torts files by government agencies through complains received from unsatisfied customers. Negligence is the second risk that health care facilities face resulting in hefty penalties as interpreted under the law. In determining whether negligence has been committed, foreseeability of the harm to result from the negligence has to be established. Another form of negligence is abandonment which is described as termination of the patients care without their consent (Caroline, 2010). The law provides that if a patient can prove a proximate cause, if the relationship between a cause and effect relate to breach of duty by the health care personnel can be evidenced, the provider could face legal liability (Caroline, 2010). However, the patient has to prove that the low standard of health care prroducts and services caused poor health conditions. The Recovery Act (Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act) was meant to improve the way health information technology is used to handle reality datasets of lives information (Council of Economic Advisors, 2005). National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) of 1984 This enactment was enforced by Health and Human Services (HHS) Office-Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) earlier in 2005 (Wass, 2005).The act outlaws the sale of human organs, and supports financially the operation of Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) and Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. The act has undergone several amendments since its inception (Wass, 2005). In addition, the program proposed the establishment of Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. The penalties associated with violation of this act include fines of up to $50,000 and/or five years of imprisonment (Wass, 2005). As a precaution, pre-death consent is needed before organs are donated. Physicians and health professionals who breach the law by helping patients to by-pass the requirement may face legal liability for contravention of legal ethics. However, one exception applies; that if the organ donor is a close relative, the precaution process maybe ignored since family members may wish to alleviate their sense of loss whenever an emergence situation arise (Wass, 2005). Once the potential organ donor is identified, the family members are contacted and the family is given an opportunity to donate the organs (United States General Accounting Office, 2004). Buy custom Risk Assessment for Health Care Organizations essay

Biography of Robert Noyce, 1927 - 1990

Biography of Robert Noyce, 1927 - 1990 Robert Noyce is credited as being the co-inventor of the integrated circuit aka the microchip along with Jack Kilby. A computer industry pioneer, Robert Noyce was the co-founder of both the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation (1957) and Intel (1968). It was at Fairchild Semiconductor, where he was the General Manager, that Robert Noyce invented the microchip for which he received patent #2,981,877. At Intel, Robert Noyce managed and oversaw the group of inventors that invented the revolutionary microprocessor. Robert Noyces Early Life Robert Noyce was born on December 12, 1927, in Burlington, Iowa. He died on June 3, 1990, in Austin, Texas. In 1949, Noyce received his B.A. from Grinnell College in Iowa. In 1953, he received his Ph.D. in physical electronics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Robert Noyce worked as a researcher for Philco Corporation until 1956, when Noyce started working for the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Palo Alto, California, making transistors. In 1957, Robert Noyce co-founded the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. In 1968, Noyce co-founded the Intel Corporation with Gordon Moore. Honors Robert Noyce was the co-recipient of the Stuart Ballantine Medal from the Franklin Institute for his development of integrated circuits. In 1978, he was a co-recipient of the Cledo Brunetti Award for the integrated circuit. In 1978, he received the IEEE Medal of Honor. In his honor, the IEEE established the Robert N. Noyce Medal for exceptional contributions to the microelectronics industry. Other Inventions According to his IEEE biography, Robert Noyce holds 16 patents on semiconductor methods, devices, and structures, including applications of photoengraving to semiconductors, and diffused- junction isolation for ICs. He also holds the basic patent relating to metal interconnect schemes.

Discuss the effect of exercise on arterial stiffness and vascular Essay

Discuss the effect of exercise on arterial stiffness and vascular aging - Essay Example The outermost layer of blood vessels is made up of connective tissue. The elastin and collagen fibers in this outermost layer allow the blood vessels to stretch and recoil, and absorb tensile stress, respectively. The middle layer contains smooth muscle fibers and extracellular matrix, which also contains collagen and elastion. Finally, the innermost endothelial layer is a single layer of flattened cells that minimizes resistance to blood flow (Campbell and Reece, 2002, p. 877). Capillaries, which are deep-seated in tissues, have thin walls to allow supplies delivered by arterial blood to diffuse to the surrounding tissues, and at the same time, to permit cellular wastes to dissolve into the blood that will subsequently go through the veins. Once in the veins, the blood is now deoxygenated. The veins lead to the kidneys and lungs where wastes and carbon dioxide are released, respectively. Upon entering the lungs, the blood is again infused with oxygen to be delivered to the systemic tissues of the body. Because of their function, arteries are thickened and more muscular than veins and capillaries. The thick muscles allow them to absorb a lot of tensile stress the pressure from the oxygenated blood pumped by the heart brings. When the heart contracts (systole) and blood flows through the arteries, the narrow openings of the artery into the arterioles leading to the capillaries temporarily traps blood inside the vessels, applying pressure onto the arterial walls. When the heart relaxes, the elastic arterial walls relax back to their initial diameter, pushing the blood into the arterioles (diastole). However, the heart contracts again before blood can completely flow out of the arteries Campbell and Reece, 2002, p. 878-879). The thickness of arterial walls is a function of increased number and or activity of myocytes, endothelial cells, and connective tissues comprising the blood vessels. For example, shear stress brought about by increased blood flow velocity

Customer Information Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer Information Management - Essay Example Companies particularly doing e-business achieve decisive competitive advantages by knowing their customers' wishes in detail, guaranteeing them customized service, and establishing long-term relationships with them. By delivering 24/7 personalized access to customer service via the Internet, a call centre, or face to face, they can get the most from their company's existing customers, and develop an ongoing stream of satisfied customers in the future []. Customer information management covers methods and technologies used by companies to manage their relationships with clients. Information stored on existing customers (and potential customers) is analyzed and used to this end [1]. Automated information management processes are often used to generate automatic personalized marketing based on the customer information stored in the system. In its broadest sense, customer information management covers all interaction and business with customers. A good CIM program allows a business to acquire customers, provide customer services and retain valued customers. CIM applications often track customer interests and requirements, as well as their buying habits. This information can be used to target customers selectively. ... Providing a mechanism for correcting service deficiencies Storing customer interests in order to target customers selectively Providing mechanisms for managing and scheduling maintenance, repair, and on-going support CIM applications often track customer interests and requirements, as well as their buying habits. This information can be used to target customers selectively. Furthermore, the products a customer have purchased can be tracked throughout the product's life cycle, allowing customers to receive information concerning a product or to target customers with information on alternative products once a product begins to be phased out [2]. Repeat purchases rely on customer satisfaction, which in turn comes from a deeper understanding of each customer and their individual needs. Customer Information management is an alternative to the "one size fits all" approach. In industrial markets, the technology can be used to coordinate the conflicting and changing purchase criteria of the sector. The data gathered as part of Customer Information management raises concerns over customer privacy and enables coercive sales techniques (Goodhue, 2002). However, Customer Information management does not necessarily involve gathering new data, but also includes making better use of customer information gathered as a result of routine customer interaction. The privacy debate generally focuses on the customer information stored in the centralised database itself, and fears over a company's handling of this information, especially regarding third parties [3]. Profit from the numerous advantages of an innovative solution for customer relationship management [3]: Reduce your costs by transferring functions in a targeted manner from company to customer, simplifying

Mini Motor Homes Manufactured Essay Example for Free

Mini Motor Homes Manufactured Essay This case is about Mini Motor Homes Manufactured by Jim Ballenger in Kalamazoo, Michigan. According to the case, Jim Ballenger has a problem to make a decision to change his current inventory system to JIT system. From the current inventory system, Jim has spent a lot of cost on his inventory system. This is because mostly of the component used in manufactured are bought from other vendor and his company actually only manufactured very few of it component. Because of this, the transportation and inventory cost contribute to a relatively large portion of its component part of expenses. Jim Ballenger was very aware on the cost that may arise once the JIT system adopted. The cost that he may be aware to arise is the cost of management standpoint, the shipment of the component and the rate of the component purchased. Besides that, he also has inquiry about the component purchased will be arrived on time or not or the duration taken of delivering the component. This is because, if the component are not suitable to use, his team has to replace it and it will entail expensive rush order for the replacement component or the downtime for the entire plant. Jim Ballenger also concern about his relationship with his suppliers. He thought that his supplier may difficult become one part of his team. Since the supplier will expect to have special effort on their quality control or delivery flexibility on behalf of one of its almost miniscule discount. Jim Ballenger has been rent a public warehouse near his plant to keep his inventory that cost $500,000 to $1,000,000, which he paid more than 1. 5% per month from the borrowed funds to buy it. Since he starts to producing the different model, and using so many different appliances, the cost of the safety stock increased day by day. The JIT presume table has drawn with two considerations. Since the major component, chassis can be purchased at one time basis from the local supplier and out of stock situation is hardly happen, thus this component has excluded from using JIT system. The two considerations will be (1) Ballenger’s inventory carrying costs of are assumed to be 20% per year on the average investment in inventory on hand comprising acquisition and transportation costs, (2) those components that can obtain from closer sources, one week of the safety stock is sustain, if the component is further form the stock, two weeks to one month of safety stock should be available.

The Deaf in Society Essay -- Sociology Hard of Hearing

The Deaf Community Imagine if you could never experience the sound of your favorite song on the radio. Or you could never hear the voice of a family member wishing you happy birthday. Since these situations are typical we may take them for granted. But these every day scenarios will never be part of a deaf person's life. "One out of thousand infants will be born deaf every year," (Deaf Understanding). Most people don't realize the giant impact of the deaf in our society. Deaf persons can be any race, gender and position in society. They can be scientists, doctors, or many other professions. Since the occurrence of deafness is so high in our society we all must learn how to communicate affectivity with the deaf community. There are many approaches a person may take to familiarize themselves with deaf society. Most people that are of hearing belong to one of two following categories. The pathological approach to interact with the deaf is to focus on their disability and try to correct it by using medical approaches. This approach is usually practiced by doctors. Many disagree with the pathological approach because they would rather be categorized by the senses they were given and not the senses they lack. Sometimes individuals view deaf people as being abnormal and must be "fixed." The truth is since the deaf can't hear they learn how to use there other senses in ways the hearing can't imagine. The second view is the cultural approach when interacting with deaf society. This point of view classifies the deaf as a group of individuals that share a common language. "In fact, American sign language is the third most used language in the United States," (Sign Genius). Another way the cultural view classifi... ...uage which is sign language. Sign languages are visual languages that are living languages and therefore changing. Each country has their own unique sign language that the deaf community uses. Also, many famous individuals in sports and culture have been deaf. Since the occurrence of deafness is so high in our society we all must learn how to communicate affectivity with the deaf community. Bibliography http://www.deafunderstanding.com/facts.html http://www.signgenius.com/info-sign-lanuage-05.shtml http://www.deaf.net/interesting.htm http://www.nad.org http://www.signmedia.com/info/adc.htm

Causes of World War One Essay

On Sunday 28th June, 1914 Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, were assassinated part of a Serbian Terrorist Group, called the Black Hand. This event and the tension between Europe was a trigger that set off declarations of war and resulted in the â€Å"Great War†. Tensions had been building up in Europe for decades through Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and Alliances, and these tensions had reach such a point that an event was needed to break these tensions. This was the assassination of the Archduke. Therefore the assassination and alliances were causes of World War One. Australia was involved in the war because of the fact that it was part of the British Empire therefore having duties towards Britain, and also growing patriotic support for the mother country. This patriotism was a main factor in deciding Australia’s fate in World War One. In 1914, when Britain declared war, it also declared war on behalf of the British Empire. Being a part of the British Empire, it was Australia’s duty to assist Britain in the war, and to assist Britain’s Allies. Due to the large loyalty existing in Australia towards the mother country, the decision, by the current time Prime Minister Joseph Cook, to send Australia against war with Germany and Austria, was met with spontaneous outpouring of patriotism. Thousands of mean came to enlist in the army, men and boys were eager to fight in the war, and tackle the great adventure of war. Few communities were against Australia joining the war. It was an opportunity for Australia to could demonstrate its loyalty, believing Australia would turn into a nation, and prove its strength as a nation. It was also a chance to develop Australia’s rank in the world and to be a part of the high-power nations. The assassination was the trigger, for what were causes of tensions brooding in Europe. Once the trigger occurred; Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism and Alliances all played there part in shaping one of the world most devastating Wars. The assassination triggered countries to go to war, and then allies to go to war, and then colonies to go to war, such as the British Empire sending Australia to war and then result in jealousies between countries through imperialism and nationalism, Germany feeling that Russia and Britain had colonized to many countries and that it had a upper ight hand, with people from various countries feeling that their country is the best and therefore should there power through such things as their military power, therefore bringing in militarism. As you can see all these notions are intertwined and they together form the cause of why such a war like World War One occurred and why it was so devastating, and also why Australia joined the War.

Organic Farming Business Proposal

PB B A S E M E S T E R V I ORGANIC FARMING PROPOSAL GROUP 6 Iftekhar Ansari, Mujtaba Yameen, Priyamvada Panicker, Akbote Shiva, Vikas D, Jayadev B BBA †¢ Semester VI †¢ Group VI†¢ Organic Farming B B A S E M E S T E R V I BBA †¢ Semester VI †¢ Group VI†¢ Organic Farming Organic Farming Introduction Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control.Organic farming uses fertilizers and pesticides but excludes or strictly limits the use of manufactured (synthetic) fertilizers, pesticides (which include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides), plant growth regulators such as hormones, livestock antibiotics, food additives, genetically modi? d organisms, human sewage sludge, and nanomaterials Organic agricultural methods are internationally regulated and legally enforced by many nations, based in large part on the standards set by the International Federation of Organ ic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), an international umbrella organization for organic farming organizations established in 1972. IFOAM de? nes the overarching goal of organic farming as: â€Å"Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people.It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to bene? t the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved†¦ † —International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements Since 1990, the market for organic products has grown from nothing, reaching $55 billion in 2009 according to Organic Monitor (www. organicmonitor. com).This demand has driven a similar increase in organically managed farmland which has grown over the past decade at a compounding rate of 8. 9% per annum. [5] A pproximately 37,000,000 hectares (91,000,000 acres) worldwide are now farmed organically, representing approximately 0. 9 percent of total world farmland (2009) History Organic farming (of many particular kinds) was the original type of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of years. Forest gardening, a fully organic food production system which dates from prehistoric times, is thought to be the world's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem.After the industrial revolution had introduced inorganic methods, some of which were not well developed and had serious side effects, an organic movement began in the mid-1920s in Central Europe through the work of Rudolf Steiner, who created biodynamic agriculture, an early version of organic agriculture. Organic agriculture was independently developed in the 1940s England through the work of Albert Howard as a reaction to agriculture's growing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Arti? ial fertilizers had been created during the 18t h century, initially with superphosphates and then ammonia-based fertilizers mass-produced using the Haber-Bosch process developed during World War I. These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, leading to the decade being referred to as the ‘pesticide era'. Although organic farming is prehistoric in the widest sense, Sir Albert Howard is widely considered to be the â€Å"father of organic farming† in the sense that he was a key founder of the post-industrial-revolution organic movement.Further work was done by J. I. Rodale in the United States, Lady Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom, and many others across the world. The ? rst lectures and publications on organic agriculture stem from Rudolf Steiner, however, whose Lectures on Agriculture were published in 1925. The modern organic movement is a revival movement in the sense that it seeks to restore balance that was lost when technology grew rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries. Modern organic farming has made up only a fraction of total agricultural output from its beginning until today.Increasing environmental awareness in the general population has transformed the originally supply-driven movement to a demand-driven one. Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing world, many G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 1 producers farm according to traditional methods which are comparable to organic farming but are not certi? ed. In other cases, farmers in the developing world have converted for economic reasons Methods Soil management Plants need nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as micronutrients and symbiotic relationships with fungi and other organisms to ? urish, but getting enough nitrogen, and particularly synchronization so that plants get enough nitrogen at the right time (when plants need it most), is likely the greatest challenge for organic farmers. C rop rotation and green manure (â€Å"cover crops†) help to provide nitrogen through legumes (more precisely, the Fabaceae family) which ? x nitrogen from the atmosphere through symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria. Intercropping, which is sometimes used for insect and disease control, can also increase soil nutrients, but the competition between the legume and the crop can be problematic and wider spacing between crop rows is required.Crop residues can be ploughed back into the soil, and different plants leave different amounts of nitrogen, potentially aiding synchronization. Organic farmers also use animal manure, certain processed fertilizers such as seed meal and various mineral powders such as rock phosphate and greensand, a naturally occurring form of potash which provides potassium. Together these methods help to control erosion. In some cases pH may need to be amended. Natural pH amendments include lime and sulfur, but in the U. S. ome compounds such as iron sulfate, alum inum sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and soluble boron products are allowed in oganic farming. Mixed farms with both livestock and crops can operate as ley farms, whereby the land gathers fertility through growing nitrogen-? xing forage grasses such as white clover or alfalfa and grows cash crops or cereals when fertility is established. Farms without livestock (â€Å"stockless†) may ? nd it more dif? cult to maintain fertility, and may rely more on external inputs such as imported manure as well as grain legumes and green manures, although grain legumes may ? limited nitrogen because they are harvested. Horticultural farms growing fruits and vegetables which operate in protected conditions are often even more reliant upon external inputs. Biological research on soil and soil organisms has proven bene? cial to organic farming. Varieties of bacteria and fungi break down chemicals, plant matter and animal waste into productive soil nutrients. In turn, they produce bene? ts of healt hier yields and more productive soil for future crops. Fields with less or no manure display signi? antly lower yields, due to decreased soil microbe community, providing a healthier, more arable soil system Weed management Organic weed management promotes weed suppression, rather than weed elimination, by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on weeds. Organic farmers integrate cultural, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical tactics to manage weeds without synthetic herbicides. Organic standards require rotation of annual crops, meaning that a single crop cannot be grown in the same location without a different, intervening crop.Organic crop rotations frequently include weed-suppressive cover crops and crops with dissimilar life cycles to discourage weeds associated with a particular crop. Organic farmers strive to increase soil organic matter content, which can support microorganisms that destroy common weed seeds. Other cultural practices used to enhance crop competitiveness and reduce weed pressure include selection of competitive crop varieties, high-density planting, tight row spacing, and late planting into warm soil to encourage rapid crop germination.Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on organic farms can be broadly grouped as: Tillage – Turning the soil between crops to incorporate crop residues and soil amendments; remove existing weed growth and prepare a seedbed for planting; G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 2 Cultivation – Disturbing the soil after seeding; Mowing and cutting – Removing top growth of weeds; Flame weeding and thermal weeding – Using heat to kill weeds; and Mulching – Blocking weed emergence with organic materials, plastic ? lms, or landscape fabric. Some naturally sourced chemicals are allowed for herbicidal use.These include certain formulations of acetic acid (concentrated vinegar), corn gluten meal, and essential oils. A few selective bioherbicides based on f ungal pathogens have also been developed. At this time, however, organic herbicides and bioherbicides play a minor role in the organic weed control toolbox. Weeds can be controlled by grazing. For example, geese have been used successfully to weed a range of organic crops including cotton, strawberries, tobacco, and corn, reviving the practice of keeping cotton patch geese, common in the southern U.S. before the 1950s. Similarly, some rice farmers introduce ducks and ? sh to wet paddy ? elds to eat both weeds and insects. Controlling other organisms Organisms aside from weeds that cause problems on organic farms include arthropods (e. g. , insects, mites), nematodes, fungi and bacteria. Organic farmers use a wide range of Integrated Pest Management practices to prevent pests and diseases. These include, but are not limited to, crop rotation and nutrient management; sanitation to remove pest habitat; provision of habitat for bene? ial organisms; selection of pest-resistant crops and animals; crop protection using physical barriers, such as row covers; and crop diversi? cation through companion planting or establishment of polycultures. Organic farmers often depend on biological pest control, the use of bene? cial organisms to reduce pest populations. Examples of bene? cial insects include minute pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs, and to a lesser extent ladybugs (which tend to ? y away), all of which eat a wide range of pests. Lacewings are also effective, but tend to ? y away. Praying mantis tend to move more slowly and eat less heavily.Parasitoid wasps tend to be effective for their selected prey, but like all small insects can be less effective outdoors because the wind controls their movement. Predatory mites are effective for controlling other mites. When these practices are insuf? cient to prevent or control pests an organic farmer may apply a pesticide. With some exceptions, naturally occurring pesticides are allowed for use on organic farms, and synthetic subst ances are prohibited. Pesticides with different modes of action should be rotated to minimize development of pesticide resistance.Naturally derived insecticides allowed for use on organic farms use include Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterial toxin), pyrethrum (a chrysanthemum extract), spinosad (a bacterial metabolite), neem (a tree extract) and rotenone (a legume root extract). These are sometimes called green pesticides because they are generally, but not necessarily, safer and more environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides. Rotenone and pyrethrum are particularly controversial because they work by attacking the nervous system, like most conventional insecticides.Fewer than 10% of organic farmers use these pesticides regularly; one survey found that only 5. 3% of vegetable growers in California use rotenone while 1. 7% use pyrethrum (Lotter 2003:26). Naturally derived fungicides allowed for use on organic farms include the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus; and the fungus Trichoderma harzianum. These are mainly effective for diseases affecting roots. Agricultural Research Service scientists have found that caprylic acid, a naturally occurring fatty acid in milk and coconuts, as well as G r o u p V I!Organic Farming 3 other natural plant extracts have antimicrobial characteristics that can help. Compost tea contains a mix of bene? cial microbes, which may attack or out-compete certain plant pathogens, but variability among formulations and preparation methods may contribute to inconsistent results or even dangerous growth of toxic microbes in compost teas. Some naturally derived pesticides are not allowed for use on organic farms. These include nicotine sulfate, arsenic, and strychnine. Synthetic pesticides allowed for use on organic arms include insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils for insect management; and Bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate for managing fungi. Genetic modi? cation A key characteristic of o rganic farming is the rejection of genetically engineered plants and animals. On October 19, 1998, participants at IFOAM's 12th Scienti? c Conference issued the Mar del Plata Declaration, where more than 600 delegates from over 60 countries voted unanimously to exclude the use of genetically modi? ed organisms in food production and agriculture.Although opposition to the use of any transgenic technologies in organic farming is strong, agricultural researchers Luis Herrera-Estrella and Ariel Alvarez-Morales continue to advocate integration of transgenic technologies into organic farming as the optimal means to sustainable agriculture, particularly in the developing world. [32] Similarly, some organic farmers question the rationale behind the ban on the use of genetically engineered seed because they view this kind of biotechnology consistent with organic principles. Although GMOs are excluded from organic farming, there is concern that the pollen from genetically modi? d crops is inc reasingly penetrating organic and heirloom seed stocks, making it dif? cult, if not impossible, to keep these genomes from entering the organic food supply. International trade restrictions limit the availability GMOs to certain countries. The hazards that genetic modi? cation could pose to the environment are hotly contested Economics The economics of organic farming, a sub? eld of agricultural economics, encompasses the entire process and effects of organic farming in terms of human society, including social costs, opportunity costs, unintended consequences, information asymmetries, and economies of scale.Although the scope of economics is broad, agricultural economics tends to focus on maximizing yields and ef? ciency at the farm level. Economics takes an anthropocentric approach to the value of the natural world: biodiversity, for example, is considered bene? cial only to the extent that it is valued by people and increases pro? ts. Some entities such as the European Union subsi dize organic farming, in large part because these countries want to account for the externalities of reduced water use, reduced water contamination, reduced soil erosion, reduced carbon emissions, increased biodiversity, and assorted other bene? s that result from organic farming. Traditional organic farming is labor and knowledge-intensive whereas conventional farming is capital-intensive, requiring more energy and manufactured inputs. Organic farmers in California have cited marketing as their greatest obstacle. G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 4 Geographic producer distribution The markets for organic products are strongest in North America and Europe, which as of 2001 are estimated to have $6 and $8 billion respectively of the $20 billion global market (Lotter 2003:6).As of 2007 Australasia has 39% of the total organic farmland, including Australia's 1,180,000 hectares (2,900,000 acres) but 97 percent of this land is sprawling rangeland (2007:35). US sales are 20x as much. (2003). Europe farms 23 percent of global organic farmland (6. 9 million hectares), followed by Latin America with 19 percent (5. 8 million hectares). Asia has 9. 5 percent while North America has 7. 2 percent. Africa has 3 percent. Besides Australia, the countries with the most organic farmland are Argentina (3. 1 million hectares), China (2. 3 million hectares), and the United States (1. million hectares). Much of Argentina's organic farmland is pasture, like that of Australia (2007). Italy, Spain, Germany, Brazil (the world's largest agricultural exporter), Uruguay, and the UK follow the United States in the amount of organic land (2007). Growth Organic farmland by world region (2000-2008) As of 2001, the estimated market value of certi? ed organic products was estimated to be $20 billion. By 2002 this was $23 billion and by 2007 more than $46 billion. In recent years both Europe (2007: 7. 8 million hectares, European Union: 7. 2 million hectares) and North America (2007: 2. million hec tares) have experienced strong growth in organic farmland. In the EU it grew by 21% in the period 2005 to 2008. However, this growth has occurred under different conditions. While the European Union has shifted agricultural subsidies to organic farmers due to perceived environmental bene? ts, the United States has not, continuing to subsidize some but not all traditional commercial crops, such as corn and sugar. As a result of this policy difference, as of 2008 4. 1% G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 5 percent of European Union farmland was organically managed compared to the 0. 6 percent in the U. S.IFOAM's most recent edition of The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2009 lists the countries which had the most hectares in 2007. The country with the most organic land is Australia with more than 12 million hectares, followed by Argentina, Brazil and the US. In total 32. 2 million hectares were under organic management in 2007. For 1999 11 million hectares of o rganically managed land are reported. As organic farming becomes a major commercial force in agriculture, it is likely to gain increasing impact on national agricultural policies and confront some of the scaling challenges faced by conventional agriculture.Productivity and pro? tability Various studies ? nd that versus conventional agriculture, organic crops yielded 91%, or 95-100%, along with 50% lower expenditure on fertilizer and energy, and 97% less pesticides, or 100% for corn and soybean, consuming less energy and zero pesticides. The results were attributed to lower yields in average and good years but higher yields during drought years. A 2007 study compiling research from 293 different comparisons into a single study to assess the overall ef? ciency of the two agricultural systems has concluded that †¦ rganic methods could produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increas ing the agricultural land base. (from the abstract) Converted organic farms have lower pre-harvest yields than their conventional counterparts in developed countries (92%) but higher than their low-intensity counterparts in developing countries (132%). This is due to relatively lower adoption of fertilizers and pesticides in the developing world compared to the intensive farming of the developed world. G r o u p V I! Organic Farming Organic farms withstand severe weather conditions better than conventional farms, sometimes yielding 70-90% more than conventional farms during droughts. Organic farms are more pro? table in the drier states of the United States, likely due to their superior drought performance. Organic farms survive hurricane damage much better, retaining 20 to 40% more topsoil and smaller economic losses at highly signi? cant levels than their neighbors. Contrary to widespread belief, organic farming can build up soil organic matter better than conventional no-till far ming, which suggests long-term yield bene? s from organic farming. [56] An 18-year study of organic methods on nutrientdepleted soil, concluded that conventional methods were superior for soil fertility and yield in a cold-temperate climate, arguing that much of the bene? ts from organic farming are derived from imported materials which could not be regarded as â€Å"self-sustaining†. Pro? tability The decreased cost of synthetic fertilizer and pesticide inputs, along with the higher prices that consumers pay for organic produce, contribute to increased pro? ts. Organic farms have been consistently found to be as or more pro? table than conventional farms.Without the price premium, pro? tability is mixed. Organic production was more pro? table in Wisconsin, given price premiums. Sustainability (African case) In 2008 the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) stated that â€Å"organic agriculture can b e more conducive to food security in Africa than most conventional production systems, and that it is more likely to be sustainable in the long-term†[60] and that â€Å"yields had more than doubled where organic, or near-organic practices had been used† and that soil fertility and drought resistance improved.Employment impact Organic methods often require more labor than traditional farming, therefore it provides rural jobs. G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 7 Sales and marketing Most sales are concentrated in developed nations. These products are what economists call credence goods in that they rely on uncertain certi? cation. Interest in organic products dropped between 2006 and 2008, and 42% of Americans polled don't trust organic produce. 69% of Americans claim to occasionally buy organic products, down from 73% in 2005.One theory was that consumers were substituting â€Å"local† produce for â€Å"organic† produce. Distributors In the United States, 75% o f organic farms are smaller than 2. 5 hectares. In California 2% of the farms account for over half of sales. (Lotter 2003) Small farms join together in cooperatives such as Organic Valley, Inc. to market their goods more effectively. Most small cooperative distributors have merged or were acquired by large multinationals such as General Mills, Heinz, ConAgra, Kellogg, and others. In 1982 there were 28 consumer cooperative distributors, but as of 2007 only 3 remained.This consolidation has raised concerns among consumers and journalists of potential fraud and degradation in standards. Most sell their organic products through subsidiaries, under other labels. Organic foods also can be a niche in developing nations. It would provide more money and a better opportunity to compete internationally with the huge distributors. Organic prices are much more stable than conventional foods, and the small farms can still compete and have similar prices with the much larger farms that usually ta ke all of the pro? ts. Farmers' markets Price premiums are important for the pro? ability of small organic farmers. Farmers selling directly to consumers at farmers' markets have continued to achieve these higher returns. In the United States the number of farmers' markets tripled from 1,755 in 1994 to 5,274 in 2009 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 8 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 9 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 10 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 11 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 12 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 13 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 14 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 15 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 16 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 17SWOT ANALYSIS OF INDIAN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE (DOMESTIC AND EXPORT MARKET) Organic farming is one such part of agriculture sector which is unexploited yet. The projects strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are discussed below: STRENGTHS: Export of organic produce from India is on the rise With organic farming, comes greater nutrit ional value and better taste There is increased awareness for healthy food in the present generation The realization of the harmful effects of pesticides and presence of their residues is surfacing The international and national certi? ation bodies in the country that are making it easier for the farmers to certify their produce as â€Å"organic† With increased demand, Central and State Governments are providing more land at cheaper rates for Organic Agriculture The Government is also providing higher subsidies Tax holidays are given a higher priority and are being given to the farmers who produce organics Organic produce being a premium product, pro? ratios will be towards the higher end due to the higher prices Sustainability over the long term There is an enhanced soil structure and water in? ltration Reduces non-renewable energy use by decreasing agrochemical needs (these require high quantities of fossil fuel to be produced by reducing carbon levels in the soil) OA promo tes biodiversity at all levels of production Duration of the edibility is longer G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 18 Drought resistive in nature A major strength is that the only technology OA needs is more of the SUNWEAKNESSES: Lack of awareness is the major downside of Organic Agriculture Not only among the customers but also among the farmers Most farmers have small holdings Quality consciousness is low amongst them Lack of marketing skills (mainly due to the disjoint between the agricultural sector and its domestic market not to mention the international market) The market for organics is not consumer-based, but supply oriented There is lower productivity due to the mono-cultured farming Fields may become bland due to the lack or inorganic additives Industrialized agriculture (if a conversion to organic agriculture takes place) exploits the land to an extent where the soil loses its fertility Sowing of seeds is time consuming since direct drilling of seeds (as done in the traditio nal form of agriculture) increases risk of soil being lost to wind and erosion There is no usage of genetically modi? ed seeds Another major drawback is the time required for the interaction and the observation between the farmer and his crop A requirement for OA is using skilled labor, which is hard to ? nd Finding the speci? c seeds are not only time consuming, but also more expensive Being more supply oriented, it requires a larger workforce to look after it G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 19 OPPORTUNITIES: With the ever growing society and economy in the country and in the world, the growth potential for Organic Agriculture is enormous As of 2001, the estimated market value of certi? ed organic products was estimated to be $20 billion.By 2002 this was $23 billion and by 2007 more than $46 billion and still showing a positive trend Along with the market value, the total farmland assigned for OA is also increasing massively The government is also starting to believe in this form of farming, hence giving its consent for extensive practice throughout the country The Indian Competence Centre of Organic Agriculture (ICCOA) is a promising initiative towards OA and serves as a platform for various activities related to its market development With the continuous growth of the sector, it will be providing a vast number of job opportunities OA helps in making people less reliant on generically modi? ed food and moves them towards healthier living The market for organic fertilizers and other organic materials is also growing and making it easier for the farmers to get hold of all the supplies they need G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 20 THREATS: Dishonesty among the suppliers of the raw materials required, i. e products offered with declarations such as â€Å"without pesticides†, â€Å"organic† etc.Unavailability of actual organic materials such as seeds, fertilizers and more High costs of being a premium product may prevent success in the market Hesitatio n for purchase by customers due to lack of awareness Land may be to contaminated or may not be convertible for organic agriculture Training unskilled labor may be tougher than expected Although governments are cooperating for organic farming, some state governments still believe this method is unproductive and may not give the required permissions and grants Lives of organic farmers are being made dif? cult by large food conglomerates as they want the consumers to focus only on their products Unpredictable Climatic Factors G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 21 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 22 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 23 G r o u p V I! 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Organic Farming 49 APPENDIX Excerpts from our interview with Mr.Samad Patel, Assistant Director, The Department of Agriculture, Gulbarga, Karnataka M: How is the Government helping in Organic Farming? S: Organic missions are being formed by the governement to promote organic farming amongst the farming community. 1: Organic Village: It is one of the schemes which promotes organic farming in a hundred acre area in a village per block on a pilot basis, thereby other farmers can learn how to do or ganic farming. 2: Giving subsidy to bio-degradable, vermi-compost units through Agricultural & Horticultural Department, Industry & Commerce. 3: Establishing organic farming research centers at agricultural universities.M: What are the fertilizers allowed in organic farming? S: 1: Farm Yard Manure 2: City Compost 3: Vermi-Compost 4: Enriched Compost 5: Green Manure M: What is the method of growing the plants in organic farming? S: 1: Sowing the seed with recommended dose of naturally occurring organic fertilizer G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 50 2: Irrigation of the sowed area 3: Seed gets germinated in 1-2 weeks 4: Process of Weeding 5: Harvesting, once the plant is ready 6: Ploughing the ? eld for the next crop M: What are the risks involved with Organic Farming? S: 1: In case of organic farms, there is low yield in the ? rst few years. 2: Pest and Disease management is dif? ult 3: Our soils are addicted to fertilizers and take time to revert back to organic standards 4: It is a v ery laborious process 5: Organic manure are to be produced by the farms, which is also a lengthy and expensive process 6: Seeds are not easily available 7: High prices may lead to low sales M: Is organic food more nutritious than conventional food? S: Yes, organic food has more nutritional value and also has better taste. Reason being that it is produced in its natural method. M: What does â€Å"certi? ed organic† mean? What is the certi? cation process? S: In western countries as well as in India, Organic produce is purchased on basis of the certi? cation by various agencies such as the ICCOA. After completion of the initial three years of production, the farmer must enroll for the certi? cation. The agency then monitors G r o u p V I!Organic Farming 51 the day-to-day cultivation activities and soil testing, the said agency will certify the farm as â€Å"organic†. M: Why does Organic cost more? S: It costs more, because the cost of cultivation is higher although the y ield obtained is low. The demand is higher when compared to the supply. Also, it is pesticide and fertilizer free and has a higher nutritional value, steering it towards being a healthier alternative. M: Is there a national standard for Organic Farming? S: No M: How do farmers fertilize crops and control pests, diseases and weeds? S: Organic farmers fertilize crops by using farmyard manure, vermi-compost, green manure etc. : They manage pests by manual collection of pests 2: Botanical extracts 3: Neem Oil 4: Neem Cake 5: By following integrated pest management methods Diseases are managed by: 1: Manual Roughing 2: By using Botanical extracts G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 52 3: Some plants have naturally occurring fungicidal properties Weeds are managed by: 1: Summer Ploughing 2: Intercultivation 3: Hand Weeding M: What subsidies does the government provide for organic farmers? S: 1: Vermi-compost per farmer – Rs. 6000 – Rs. 30000 (depending on the size of the farm) 2: Biogas Unit – Rs. 60000 Subsidy 3: City Compost: Distributed at 50% subsidy 4: Green Compost: Sold at 50% subsidy 5: Biodigester: Subsidy of Rs. 0000 (Biodigesters convert organic wastes into a nutrient rich liquid fertilizer and biogas, a renewable source of electrical and heat energy) Irrigation Subsidy Operations & Maintenance subsidy + 6 per cent interest on cumulative Irrigation investments Operations & Maintenance subsidy + 1 per cent interest on cumulative irrigation investments Power Subsidy G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 53 Difference between average cost of production per unit and the average revenue realized per unit multiplied by agricultural power consumption as estimated by APTRANSCO Difference between the cost to serve agriculture and average revenue realisation per unit multiplied by agricultural power consumption as estimated by APTRANSCODifference between the cost to serve agriculture and average revenue realised per unit multiplied by power consumption as estimated by AP Farmers Federation G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 54 ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to thank our Entrepreneurship Development faculty, Mrs. Radhika, for giving us the opportunity to create a project report such as this, which was a widely informative and knowledge building exercise. We also worked in tandem with Mr. Samad Patel, Assistant Director of The Department of Agriculture, Gulbarga, Karnataka, throughout our research. He guided us through our dif? culties and gave us essential information that we needed to complete our analysis. G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 55

Richard Arkwright and the Water Frames Impact

Richard Arkwright and the Water Frame's Impact Richard Arkwright became one of the pivotal  figures in the Industrial Revolution when he  invented the spinning frame, later called the water frame, an invention for mechanically spinning thread. Early Life Richard Arkwright was born in Lancashire, England in 1732, the youngest of 13 children. He apprenticed with a barber and wigmaker. The apprenticeship led to his first career as a wigmaker, during which he collected hair to make wigs and developed a technique for dyeing the hair to make different-colored wigs.   The Spinning Frame In 1769 Arkwright patented the invention that made him rich, and his country an economic powerhouse: The spinning frame. The spinning frame was a device that could produce stronger threads for yarns. The first models were powered by waterwheels so the device came to be known as the water frame. It was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine and enabled the move away from small home manufacturing towards factory production, kickstarting the Industrial Revolution. Arkwright built his first textile mill in Cromford, England in 1774. Richard Arkwright was a financial success, though he later lost his patent rights for the spinning frame, opening the door for a proliferation of textile mills. Arkwright died a rich man in 1792. Samuel Slater Samuel Slater (1768-1835)  became another key figure in the Industrial Revolution when he exported Arkwrights textile innovations to the Americas. On December 20, 1790, water-powered machinery for spinning and carding cotton was set in motion in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Based on the designs of English inventor Richard Arkwright, a mill was built by Samuel Slater on the Blackstone River. The Slater mill was the first American factory to successfully produce cotton yarn with water-powered machines. Slater was a recent English immigrant who apprenticed Arkwrights partner, Jebediah Strutt. Samuel Slater had evaded British law against emigration of textile workers in order to seek his fortune in America. Considered the father of the United States textile industry, he eventually built several successful cotton mills in New England and established the town of Slatersville, Rhode Island.